Externality of Taiwan Industries：A Case Study of Health Impact of Air Pollutants

當今各國追求經濟發展的同時，往往會帶來高度的環境污染；以環境價值轉 換為經濟利益，在污染高度放大檢視的時代，如何兼顧經濟發展又能做好環境保 護，以達到環境永續與經濟持續發展的目的，是各國執政者迫切關注之課題。 環保意識高漲的現代，許許多多的環境保護政策或稱為永續的政策，實際上 仍然忽略了政策改變下帶來的衝擊，永續發展需兼顧環境保護、經濟發展與社會 公平等原則。過往的單一產業成本效益評估時，於空氣污染物部分，往往以減量 至空氣品質排放標準之處理費用為估算稱為防治成本，但此舉對於環境惡化仍存 在問題，本研究旨在藉由衝擊路徑法(Impact Pathway Approach, IPA)評估因污染 物排放造成的外部成本，以 2006 年 PM 10 、NO X 、NO X 、Cd、As、Hg 等六種污 染物排放量為人體健康衝擊評估模式之排放源資料，並以貨幣化的方式呈現。於 本研究以六項空氣污染物排放造成人體健康衝擊之損害成本的觀點，貨幣化結果， 估算出總外部成本為新台幣 3.35 兆，其中以傳統空氣污染物 PM 10 和 NO X 為主， 分別占 53.5%和 30.8%。 從環境延伸投入產出分析中，產業在環境影響中扮演著舉足輕重的角色，各 產業部門生產行為與產品供需等皆與經濟體中各部門息息相關，藉由產業關聯表 中技術係數矩陣之建立，可以了解為了滿足最終需求時，所造成的外部成本，此 處最終需求包含家計消費、政府部門消費、固定資本形成、存量變動與出口，其 中本研究結果以家計消費和出口端兩項為外部成本貢獻較大之最終需求項目，占 總外部成本比例達 32.5%和 41.9%，在家計消費端以日常生活之食衣住行等服務 業為主，顯是要改善此情況需從民眾生活習慣改變；而出口方面，以製造業為主 要貢獻者，尤其在能源效率及潔淨能源和原料回收再利用上，以此著手來改善現 況。 最後加入經濟的角度，依產業類別計算出各類空氣汙染物的外部成本並與產業生產力指標之產值做比較，找出單位產值對於人體健康產生較大損害之產業為 營建工程、水泥及其他陸上運輸業等，日後對於此類產業之研究可以更加深入了 解問題所在。Today, while pursuing economic development, which will bring a high degree of environmental pollution in all countries. In order to achieve environmental sustainability and sustained economic development, the question of how to balance economic development and environmental protection into economic benefits are the main subject for all government around the world. In fact, due to the modern environmental consciousness, many of the environmental protection or sustainable policies still ignore the impact caused by the policy changes, as we know, sustainable development should consist of the principle of reciprocity, one is environmental protection, the other is economic development and another one is social equity. In the past, assess the cost-benefit of a single industry in air pollutants, always by using the treatment cost in reduction to the air quality standards, but this is still a problem of environmental degradation. This study estimate the external cost of air pollutants on human health by using impact pathway analysis which is addressed by European Union on1995. We choose six kinds of air pollutant, PM 10 , NO X , SO X , Cd, As, Hg, and the emission data on 2006, insert these six pollutants’ annual emission quantity into Riskpoll which is a model of human health impact assessment, and showing monetization at last step. As a result, the estimation of monetize the health impact to the total external costs is NTD 3.35 trillion, especially the traditional air pollutants PM 10 (53.5%) and NO X (30.8%). Extending the result into an environmental input-output analysis in Taiwan (TWEEIO), the production behavior and product demanding in each industry sector are highly related with economies. By establishing technical coefficient matrix in the industry correlation table, we can realize the external cost while the final demand is satisfied. The final demand includes household consumption; government departments’ consumption, capital formation, stock changes and exports, the proportion of the external cost on household consumption and export are 32.5% and 41.9%. The main external cost contributor in household is service industry; we should change our habits to improve this condition. In export, the manufacturing has the major contribution. We owe to ameliorate the energy efficiency, clean energy and recovery. Finally, with the aspect of economy, we compared the external cost with the annual production value, and found out the outstanding damage in industries are Construction, Cement and Other land transportation