An Investigation On the Reasons of Uncorrected Visual Defects in the Seventh Graders in Taipei City

一項以全台北市國中一年級新生為對象的視力調查計畫，自民國七十五年十一月開始實施，迄次年三月完成39所學校計1620人之資料收集工作。此等樣本的取得係採而系統集束抽樣，共抽出40個班級。透過教育行政單位的協助，各校均能於排定日程密切配合，使得完成率達到96.14%。 本研究利用自行設計並經專家效度處理之問卷，以及史奈崙氏E字箱形視力表為工作。再由受過訓練的調查員分組前往各校，按統一標準和步驟收集相關資料。 在受試學生中，視力不良所佔的比率達62.78%。其分佈以女性、家庭社經層次高、家庭子女數少、智力百分等級高之學生，罹患視力不良的比率較高。這些視力不良學生中，有10.05%的人自覺視力是正常的；有45.14%的人沒有接受矯治；而曾接受矯治又能達到正常視力的人卻僅佔18.49%而已。 發現視力不良卻未能接受矯治的原因，以父母沒有時間(49.64%)和學生自己功課忙不能抽出時間(29.93%)為主要因素。視力不良的學生雖比視力正常學生在知識測驗上得分高，然在行為得分方面，兩組學生雖有差異但均呈偏低的現象。由於知識和態度二變項均未與行為變項達顯著相關水準，欲提升視力不良學生接受矯治或鼓勵一般學生力行視力保健之比率，宜從著重「促成行為」的各項措施著手：(1)學校定期舉辦視力檢查和有關之健康教育活動；(2)改善學習環境；(3)和設立視力保健特別門診等。所以，未來視力保健工作的推行，尤其是教育介入的實施，需考慮行為養成技術的應用，而非一味地沿用宣導策略。A study of the visual status of students in the 7th grade in Taipei City began in November 1986. Data on 1,620 students from 39 schools were collected in March 1987. 40 classes were selected as samples through the procedures of systematic cluster sampling. With the assistance of the Education Department, investigation went on schedule in all schools. Thus, the complete rate reaches 96.14%. A self-devloped questionnarie verified by professionals and Snellen's Vision Chart installed in a lighted box were applied as the research instruments. Related data were then collected bt trained investigators following the same criteria and steps. The rate of visual defects in the subjects is 62.78%. Students who are female, classified as high in SES, born in families with fewer siblings, and ranked high in IQ percentile show higher rate of visual defects than other students. Among students with defective vision, 10.05% of them perceived themselves as having normal vision; 45.14% never have their defects corrected; only 18.49% have their defects corrected to normal. Being busy is the main reason given by parents and children (49.64% and 29.93%) for having not corrected the visual defects. Students with defective vision receive higher scores in knowledge test than students with normal vision. However, both groups receive low scores in behavioral evaluation through the difference is small. As "knowledge" and "attitude" variables are not significantly related to the variable "behavior", it is suggested that future efforts be focussed on the following activities which are behavior promotion oriented to improve the visual health of school children in general and to encourage the correction of defects if any: (1) conducting visual tests and health education activities periodically; (2) improving the environment of study; and (3) establishing special clinics for visual protection and correction. Beharioral techniques instead of propaganda should be applied in the visual promotion programs in the future