The Study of the Slag and the Remains of Iron Work of Longmen-jioushe Site

龍門舊社遺址位於雙溪河出海口，為一沙丘遺址。經碳14定年法測定，其年代為距今350～200年間。過去之研究皆將本遺址歸於十三行文化舊社類型之下。出土遺物除大量貝殼與多種外來物外，另一特色為型態與一般東北角地區遺址中所見鐵渣型態相異的細碎鐵渣以及火燒紅土，總重約20多公斤。本論文即為針對龍門舊社遺址出土的製鐵遺留所進行的分析研究。文前三章為研究背景的建立，包括對臺灣考古中的鐵器生產研究的文獻回顧與遺址發掘資料的呈現。第四、五章為鐵器生產的原理、製鐵實驗過程以及筆者至打鐵舖所進行的田野調查，第六章則為實驗產物與遺址出土物的型態比較。第七章則是藉由歷史文獻資料來討論龍門舊社遺址的鐵器生產。據文獻記載與現代冶煉過程可知，不論是冶煉、鑄造、鍛造或精製加工都可能會產生夾雜鐵質的廢料，不同的廢棄物可代表不同技術與階段。通過比較，筆者發現鍛渣與遺址出土鐵渣有相同的分解過程，在性質與外觀上亦有相似之處。因此筆者認為龍門舊社遺址出土的細粒鐵渣極可能為鍛打時所產生的廢棄物。龍門舊社遺址的年代與位置和文獻紀錄中的三貂社相符，故許多研究者皆認為龍門舊社遺址應是三貂社的一部份。由文獻資料中可以得知，當時的三貂社與鄰近諸社人民是以貿易和鐵器製造等手工業生產活動來換取所需的糧食。文獻紀錄亦顯示鐵是荷蘭人或漢人與原住民貿易的重要商品。故可推測當時居民應是經由貿易與漢人換取可用於製作鐵器的鐵料，再依使用需求進行鍛打成器的工作。Longmen-jioushe site located on the estuary of Shuangsi River is a sand dune type site. The age of this site determined by carbon 14 dating is 350~200 BP. In past researches, this site was referred to Jioushe type of Shih-san-hang Culture. In addition to abundant shells and exotic items, another trait of this site is small and granulous slag remains and fired clay. Outside of these slag remains is different from other slag remains found in northeastern coastal areas. The amount of these slag remains is about 20㎏. This thesis mainly aims to analyze these remains of iron production of Longmen-jioushe site.hapter 1 through 3 construct the research context, including a review of the iron production of archaeology in Taiwan and an overview of data obtained from the excavation of Longmen-jioushe site. Chapter 4 and 5 are the principle of iron production, the process of iron production experiment and field investigation of smithy. Chapter 6 is comparison of the products of experiment, the slag of forging and the remains of iron production of Longmen-jioushe site. Chapter 7 discusses the iron production of Longmen-jioushe site by historical literatures.ase on literature and modern smelting process, ferrous remains may be produced in smelting, casting, forging or refining. Different rejects may represent the different technology and stage. By comparison, I find the slag of forging and the remains of Longmen-jioushe site have similarities on outside and process of disintegration, hence I think these slag remains of this site probably were slag of forging.ecause of the correspondence to date and location, many scholars think that Longmen-jioushe site should be a part of Shan-diao village in the historical literatures. In terms of literatures, the people of Shan-diao village and neighborhood got sustenance by trade and craft production included ironwork. Iron is also a kind of important commodity between the aborigines, Chinese, and Dutch. Therefore it is supposed that the people of Shan-diao village probably obtained iron by trading with Chinese and then forged according to purpose.誌謝............................................................................................................................................i文摘要.................................................................................................................................. ii文摘要..................................................................................................................................iii一章 前言.............................................................................................................................1一節 研究動機與目的...............................................................................................1二節 研究方法............................................................................................................2二章 文獻回顧....................................................................................................................3三章 遺址資料..................................................................................................................15 第一節 遺址位置與地理環境....................................................................................15 第二節 龍門舊社遺址考古工作回顧........................................................................15 第三節 坑位與層位資料.............................................................................................18四節 文化歸屬與年代.............................................................................................21五節 出土遺物..........................................................................................................22四章 實驗原理..................................................................................................................49 第一節 鐵的金屬性質.................................................................................................51 第二節 製鐵流程與技術.............................................................................................53 第三節 工具與設備.....................................................................................................63 第四節 燃料與渣..........................................................................................................65五章 實驗工作與田野調查.............................................................................................68一節 實驗緣起與目的.............................................................................................68二節 實驗步驟..........................................................................................................69三節 實驗過程..........................................................................................................71四節 田野調查..........................................................................................................82六章 實驗結果與遺址資料之比較................................................................................84 第一節 實驗冶煉渣與出土鐵渣之比較...................................................................84 第二節 鍛冶渣與與出土鐵渣之比較........................................................................87 第三節 實驗環境與遺址現象之比較........................................................................88 第四節 小結..................................................................................................................89七章 從文獻資料看龍門舊社遺址的鐵器生產活動..................................................91 第一節 台灣歷史時代早期的鐵器生產與使用.......................................................91 第二節 歷史時代早期東北角地區的鐵器生產與交易..........................................96 第三節 龍門舊社遺址的鐵器生產活動...................................................................99八章 結論.........................................................................................................................101考文獻...............................................................................................................................104版........................................................................................................................................11