Substance Flow Analysis of arsenic in Taiwan

砷被廣泛、多元地應用於玻璃製造、木材防腐業及半導體、光電業等多項產業製程、產品中，在經濟活動的使用上有其必要性。但是，砷及其化合物具有致癌及非致癌之毒害特性；因此，在無法有效禁止砷及其化合物的使用下，有必要針對砷進行流布及流向分析、探討。究以物質流分析方法分別對砷於人類經濟活動之應用以及因人類活動所造成砷之環境釋放進行探討，以建構出台灣砷物質流網路模型；再者，利用物質流分析特性探討砷之使用時間趨勢、地區分布以及相關產業結構。最後將物質流分析結果整合投入產出分析方法，以投入產出分析方法連結環境及產業間關係，說明台灣砷產業使用現況，進一步探討砷於產業間投入產出之關聯性。究顯示，經濟圈主要使用量為玻璃製造業、水泥業、鉛蓄電池、木材防腐業以及半導體、光電業等五項產業，在環境砷釋放上，則是以水泥業、煤礦使用、原油煉解以及金屬礦物冶煉為主要污染釋放熱點。將物質流分析結果進行多年趨勢探討，說明砷物質之產業結構變化。較投入產出分析結果，發現非金屬礦物製品、其他金屬、電力等部門為每單位產值所需砷的使用量及環境釋放量較高者。含砷產業之環境負荷放大效應部分，服務業相較於製造業及初級產業有著較高的環境境負荷的累積、放大現象。在產業關聯性分析，發現同樣是以非金屬礦物製品、其他金屬、電力及石油煉製品等產業之前後關聯性較高(包含向前關聯、向後關聯)，以及將產業消費內容回歸到家計消費，發現在住、行及服務等產業類別有著高環境砷釋放量及使用量。最後比較砷之PTB、區域投入產出及消費型態之地區分布，發現高生活消費地區(如台北市、台中市、高雄市)之低環境砷釋放量，而部分低消費地區(花蓮縣、雲林縣)卻負擔高砷相關產業，即承受高環境砷負荷量，呈現出區域間存在著環境不公的現象。Arsenic and its compounds are widely applied in multiple industrial processes and products such as glasses, semiconductors and optoelectronics production, and wood preservatives. However, arsenic and its compounds have been characterized with both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic toxicities. Therefore, flows of arsenic should be nalyzed because of their indispensability in a wide range of industrial processes. his study applied material flow analysis to investigate both the application of arsenic in human economic activities and the environmental release of arsenic due to human activities to build up the material flow network model of arsenic. The study also investigated the temporal pattern of arsenic usage, spatial distribution, and related industrial structure by using material flow analysis. Furthermore, the esults of material flow analysis were integrated with Input-Output Analysis method to link environmental burden with industrial structure. hrough the integrated analysis, current status of arsenic usage in Taiwan can be interpreted, and the input-output correlation of arsenic among industries can be further identified. ased on the results of material flow analysis, arsenic and its compounds are mainly applied in glasses, cement, lead acid batteries, semiconductors and optoelectronics production and wood preservatives industries in the anthroposphere. As for the environmental release, major eleasing hotspots are cements production, coal burning, oil and metal mineral refining processes. Multiple-year trend of arsenic flow were further dipcted to examine the industrial structural change in arsenic use. ccording to the results of input-output analysis, the sectors of non-metal mineral products, other metals, and electricity have greater arsenic use and environmental release per output value. As for amplification effect of environmental burdens from arsenic-containing ndustries, service industry revealed greater accumulation and amplification effects of environmental burdens than manufacturing and primary industries. The results also showed that the sectors of non-metal mineral products, other metals, electricity, and petroleum refining products have greater industrial linkages, including forward and ackward linkages. When industrial consumption was allocated into household consumption, housing, transportation, and service industries generated greatest arsenic use and environmental releases. Finally, omparing data of physical trade balance (PTB) of arsenic, regional input-output analysis and distribution of consumption patterns in different regions in Taiwan, high consumption regions (e. g. Taipei City, Taichung ity, and Kaohsiung City) were found to bear lower arsenic nvironmental releases, whereas some low consumption regions (e. g. Hualien County and Yunlin County) bear high environmental burden of arsenic due to industries with high arsenic intensity within these regions. The results demonstrated the environmental inequity among regions in Taiwan.頁次 要 ................................................................................................................................. i bstract ........................................................................................................................ iii 目錄 ........................................................................................................................ viii 目錄 ............................................................................................................................ x 一章 緒論 .................................................................................................................. 1 .1 研究背景 ........................................................................................................ 1 .2 研究目的 ........................................................................................................ 3 .3 研究架構 ........................................................................................................ 4 二章 文獻回顧 .......................................................................................................... 6 .1 砷之基本特性 ................................................................................................ 6 .1.1 砷及其化合物的物理化學性質 .......................................................... 6 .1.2 砷的毒理特性 ...................................................................................... 8 .1.3 砷的應用與經濟圈釋放 .................................................................... 10 .1.4 環境中砷的流布 ................................................................................ 11 .2 物質流分析 .................................................................................................. 14 .2.1 物質流概念 ........................................................................................ 14 .2.2 物質流分析之應用 ............................................................................ 14 .2.3 物質流之類別及步驟 ........................................................................ 15 .3 投入產出分析方法 ...................................................................................... 24 三章 研究方法 ........................................................................................................ 27 .1 研究步驟 ...................................................................................................... 27 .2 經濟圈內之物質流分析 .............................................................................. 29 .2.1 砷物質之網路模型 ........................................................................... 31 .2.2 含砷資料盤查分析 ........................................................................... 34 .3 環境圈物質流及釋放資訊 .......................................................................... 39 .3.1 空氣 ................................................................................................... 39 .3.2 水體 ................................................................................................... 40 .3.3 廢棄物 ............................................................................................... 40 .3.2 資源回收 ........................................................................................... 41 .4 結合經濟圈及環境圈之砷物質流 .............................................................. 42 .4.1 砷之生命週期模型建立 ................................................................... 42 .4.2 砷物質流結果分析及質量平衡 ....................................................... 46 .5 物質流投入產出分析方法 .......................................................................... 47 .6 物質流及相關指標 ...................................................................................... 52 四章 結果與討論 .................................................................................................... 55 .1 砷物質流結果分析 ...................................................................................... 55 .1.1 砷之經濟體流布及流量 ................................................................... 55 .1.2 砷之環境釋放分析 ........................................................................... 63 .1.3 結合經濟圈及環境圈之砷物質流分析結果 ................................... 68 .2 砷物質流之時間因子分析 .......................................................................... 72 .3 含砷物質進出口量之地區分布 .................................................................. 78 .4 砷物質產業活動與需求之環境衝擊 .......................................................... 82 .4.1 單位最終需求環境排放潛勢 ........................................................... 82 .4.2 砷應用產業之環境釋放關聯分析 ................................................... 85 .4.3 產業之乘數效應 ............................................................................... 88 .4.4 最終需求與環境衝擊分析 ............................................................... 89 .4.5 家計需求之砷物質之使用及環境釋放分布 ................................... 90 .5 各縣市砷物質使用及環境釋放比較 .......................................................... 91 .5.1 砷物質之消費型態分布 ................................................................... 91 .5.2 砷物質之區域 IO環境釋放分布 ..................................................... 93 .6 誤差探討 ...................................................................................................... 95 .1 結論 .............................................................................................................. 96 .2 建議 .............................................................................................................. 98 考文獻 ...................................................................................................................... 99 錄一 含砷物質之國內產銷 .................................................................................. 104 錄二 含砷物質之進出口資料 .............................................................................. 106 錄三台灣砷物質貿易趨勢 .................................................................................... 111 錄四 產業關聯部門定義 ...................................................................................... 113 錄五 消費支出調查 .............................................................................................. 11