Pervading Tian Xia? Epistemological Lessons Derived from the Study of Tributary Trade System by Hamashita Takeshi

政治科學(political science)或是政治學(the study of politics)的研究是否具備科學的特質，在學科中容有爭議。而此一爭辯並非由一九O二年華勒士(Graham Wallas)的｢政治中的人性｣(Human Nature in Politics)，或是同年本特萊(Arthur Bently)的｢政府中的過程｣(The Process of Government)對傳統政治學研究方法的反動開始，論者甚至可以認知此一爭辯事實上與行為主義的出現無關，而係觀念論(Idealism)在本體論層次上的分殊。 在Thomas Kuhn的知識革命後，政治科學的研究邁入第三次辯論，研究者開始在本體、知識、方法論三個層次進行反思。同樣地，其他學科亦針對相同問題出現諸多反省。本文以科學哲學所引發的知識革命作為背景，透過學科間反思的交流，試圖對政治科學研究提出往後可以思考的方向。政治科學的一般知識假設，除了以國家為基本分析單元之外，尚把陸地視為絕對規範下的領域。本文主張此種觀念乃係具有一定的政治目的，並以濱下武志教授的經濟史研究為主軸，探討政治科學未來研究的可能性。 濱下武志的研究可分為兩方面：地域研究與朝貢貿易體系研究。氏以海洋構成的亞洲海域圈，分解了亞洲之間因為現代政治科學概念進入之後，不同民族國家所構築出的亞洲圖像。朝貢貿易體系則是濱下在亞洲內建立一個異於政治科學的體系概念的嘗試，氏以亞洲現代性的歷史開展作為出發點，主張亞洲現代性的問題並非來自於西方的｢衝擊｣，甚至所謂的｢衝擊｣其實並不存在。 前述觀點在政治科學中尚未出現，本文認為濱下武志的論點在知識論方面可做為學科的反思，故特以其研究為中心，試圖對政治科學論者提供一個不同方向的啟示。It has been a long dispute that whether political science or so-called the study of politics are provided with characteristics of science. Such argumentation of reflection upon traditional methodology in political science does not merely begin with the book Human Nature in Politics by Graham Wallas in 1902, or The Process of Government by Arthur Bently published in the same year. One can make his assertion that this argumentation is more relevant to the differentiation of idealism within ontology rather than the emergence of behaviorism. The Third Debate of political science has been properly understood after the epistemological revolution led by Thomas Kuhn. Students in this field also started self-examination ontologically, epistemologically, and methodologically. Such problematique, similarly, emerged out of the studies of other research fields about the same time. This thesis takes the epistemological revolution solicited by studies of philosophy of science as the mise-en-scene, and also proposes a possible solution toward problems when conducting research in political science through interdisciplinary reflection. General assumptions of political science not only states that nation-states are basic units of analysis, but also regard land territories as absolute norm of scrutiny. This thesis argues that such concept possesses certain implicit political claims and adopts the studies conducted by Takeshi Hamashita to stimulate possibilities for future research of political science. The research by Hamashita can be seen as two phases: Regional Study and the study of Tributary Trade System. He dissolves the image of Asia constructed by nation-states after the idea of Western philosophy of political science has introduced by proposing regional areas formed by Asian seas. Tributary Trade System, on the other hand, is an attempt of Hamashita to create a “system” which differs from the ideas of system in political science. His problematique starts with the history of modernity in Asia and argues that so-called Western impact in Asia ought not to be and issue, such issue to him, does not even exist. The above-mentioned viewpoints have never emerged in the study of political science. This thesis, therefore, recognizes the value of the studies by Hamashita and takes the research results of his studies as pivot to provide different lessons to students in the study of political science.謝辭 i要 iiBSTRACT iii錄 v目錄 vii一章 緒論 1、研究動機與目的 1、問題意識 12、研究方法、限制與章節安排 15二章 日本近代的亞洲認識脈絡 17、定義亞洲：一個日本的脈絡？ 17、散漫的亞洲概念與亞洲研究 18、日本亞洲研究的分期 21、東洋史學之建立 22、典範轉移：聚焦「南方」 24、中國與東亞新秩序 25、戰敗與歷史研究的重構 27、安保鬥爭與亞洲研究之政治意識形態 29、亞洲研究的新年代 31三章 經濟史的知識論背景 35、西洋經濟史的思想基礎與方法 35、日本經濟史學的發展與中國的學科角色 45、作為濱下知識背景的戰後日本知識份子的亞洲觀 63四章 濱下武志的朝貢貿易體系理論 67、從｢亞洲｣｢經濟史｣到｢朝貢貿易體系｣ 67、朝貢貿易體系的經濟史內涵 69、朝貢貿易體系中的點、線、面 78五章 結論 90考文獻 9