Trace Metals' Abnormalities in Hemodialysis Patients: Relationship with Medications

A multicenter collaborative study was performed to investigate the prevalence of abnormal blood contents of 6 trace metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), lead ( Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), in hemodialysis (HD) patients and to analyze their relationship with the medications, such as CaCO3, Ca acetate, Al containing phosphate-binding agents, 1,25-dihydroxy vitD(3), 1-hydroxy vitD(3), and erythropoietin (EPO ), as well as hematocrit level, by chi-square statistics. From 6 medical centers in Taiwan, we included 456 patients in maintenance HD for more than 4 months for this study, and they had continued the previously mentioned medications for at least 3 months. Blood samples were collected before initiating HD, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure plasma levels of Cu, Zn, and Al as well as whole blood levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg. Three hundred seventy-five (78%) of the HD patients had low plasma Zn levels, that is, 50 mug/L , and the mean (+/- SD) was 44.30 (+/- 28.28) mug/L in all subjects. Three hundred thirty-three (73%) of the dialysis patients had high Cd levels, that is, >2.5 mug/L, and the mean (+/- SD) was 3.32 (+/-1.49) mug/L in all subjects. The majority of HD patients had normal blood levels of Cu, PB, and Hg. Only 21 (4.6%), 5 (1.1%), and 3 (0.06%) patients had elevated blood levels of Cu, Pb, and Hg, respectively. Their mean (+/- SD) blood concentration of Cu, Pb, and Hg were 1,049.78 (+/- 233.25) mug/L, 7.45 (+/ -3.95) mug/dL, and 3.17 (+/- 25.56) mug/L, respectively. Three patients had elevated plasma Hg concentrations, that is, 546, 12.6, and 24.0 mug/L, respectively. In the 152 normal healthy age and sex matched control group , the blood levels of Al, Cd, and Pb were all significantly lower than the HD patients. However, the levels of Cu and Zn were higher in the control group. The Hg level was not significantly different in both groups. There was no statistical difference between patients with normal and abnormal blood levels of trace metals in various medications except Al containing phosphate binder. The Al containing phosphate binder users had significantly higher plasma Al levels (54.71 +/- 26.70 versus 41.15 +/- 28 .03 mug/L, p < 0.001) and hematocrit levels (29.61 +/- 4.61 versus 27.81 +/- 3.91, p < 0.0005). There was no statistical correlation between erythropoietin (EPO) dose and hematocrit level in these patients. In conclusion, the blood level of trace metals of these HD patients except Al was not related to their medications. However, caution must be exercised in interpreting this result as dose and duration of medication; efficiency of HD and water treatment may play an important role. Otherwise, environmental factors, diet, and the aging process may contribute to the trace metal burden in uremia. Thus, Zn and Cu are abundant in seafood, and Cd is abundant in contaminated plants such as rice