The Study of CALPUFF Model Application To Terrain and Building Downwash Effects

為了瞭解複雜地形效應以及建築物效應的影響，同時使用ISC模式與CALPUFF模式來模擬。將兩種效應結合不同大氣穩定度與混合層高度，得到不同情況下的最大濃度值以及濃度分佈的型態。 首先，先比較兩種空氣品質模式的基礎，來瞭解其差異性。兩模式在風場表現時便極為不同。在ISC模式中，風速與風向在同一小時下為單一的，但在CALPUFF模式中，風場是由地面測站及探空測站的資料設定所決定。接下來，分別測試平坦地形、理想地形、平坦地形加上廠房效應以及理想地形加上廠房效應。點源位於建築物或是地形的上風及下風處分別作模擬。在ISC中，結果顯示當點源位於理想地形的上風時，撞擊濃度會極大。在PRIME方法中，建築物方位會影響濃度分佈，但在Schulman-Scire/Huber-Snyder中並不會。最後則測試容許增量限值。以二氧化硫的門檻值每年60公噸為基準，煙囪高度為35公尺高。結果顯示只有在ISC模擬平坦地形及CALPUFF模擬平坦地形及理想地形時，日平均濃度沒超過規範限值，其他則超過。地形及建築物效應應被考慮到影響污染物濃度擴散時的容許增量限值及法規標準中。In order to know the complex terrain effects and building downwash effects, ISC model and CALPUFF model both are the main simulating tools for this research. Combining these two effects with different atmospheric stabilities and mixing layer heights, the maximum concentrations and distribution patterns are demonstrated in the graphs First of all, by comparing the basis of two air quality models, the differences can be understood. The wind fields are not similar in two models. In ISC, the wind velocity and wind direction is unique in each hour. In CALPUFF, the wind field is modified by the input of surface meteorological stations and upper air stations. Second, these are four cases be tested, which are the flat terrain, ideal terrain, flat terrain with building downwash, and ideal terrain with building downwash. The point source of each case is separately simulated as located at the downwind or upwind of terrain and building. The outcome is found that when the source is located the upwind of the ideal terrain, the impingement concentration is much larger in ISC model. The building orientation would only influence the concentration pattern in PRIME method, rather than in Schulman-Scire/Huber-Snyder method. Finally, allowable pollutant increase limits (APIL) are tested. Under the circumstances of the emission of sulfur oxide limited to sixty tons per year and on the stack height of thirty-five meter, by means of ISC tested on the flat terrain, the amount of concentration is less than law standard and as well as by the means of CALPUFF tested on the flat terrain and ideal terrain. However, the others failed. The conclusion is that if CALPUFF model is introduced into the preferred air quality models, the terrain effect and building downwash effects should be taken consideration into the allowable pollutant increase limits and law standard.目錄 I 圖目錄 IV 表目錄 VII 第一章、前言 1 1.1 研究緣起 1 1.2 研究目的 2 第二章、文獻回顧 3 2.1空氣品質模式 3 2.2 CALMET/CALPUFF模式與發展 4 2.2.1模式背景 4 2.2.2 模式介紹 4 2.2.3 CALPUFF模式計算原理 5 2.2.4 CALPUFF特色 7 2.2.5 CALPUFF應用 9 2.3 ISC模式 10 2.3.1 高斯方程式 10 2.3.2 煙流上升計算 12 2.4 建築物下洗作用 13 2.4.1 Huber-Snyder 下洗方法 14 2.4.2 Schulman-Scire 下洗方法 15 2.4.3 PRIME 下洗方法 16 2.5 複雜地形效應 18 2.5.1 ISC複雜地形 18 2.5.2 CALPUFF複雜地形 19 第三章、研究方法 27 3.1 研究流程 27 3.2 ISC之運作方法 28 3.3 CALPUFF模式之運作方法 34 3.3.1 氣象前處理 34 3.3.2 CALPUFF輸入檔設定 34 3.3.3 CTSG複雜地形 37 3.3.4 輸出檔處理 39 3.4研究工具 39 3.5 ISC模式模擬 42 3.6 CALPUFF模式模擬 43 3.6.1 地理資料 43 3.6.2 氣象資料 43 3.6.3 模式參數設定 44 第四章、結果與討論 47 4.1 ISC與CALPUFF差異分析 49 4.2地形與廠房效應測試分析 60 4.2.1 廠房效應測試 61 4.2.2 地形效應及廠房效應測試結果比較 62 4.3 容許增量臨界值標準分析與討論 69 第五章、結論與建議 79 5.1 結論 79 5.2 建議 80 參考文獻 81 附錄 附錄A- ISC 輸入檔 85 附錄B-模擬案例濃度分佈圖 88 附錄C-CALPUFF控制檔參數設定 107 附錄D-CALPOST控制檔參數設定 114 附錄E- ISC與CALPUFF模擬所需時間之比較 11