Reuse Technology and Process Improvement Analysis of Bottom Ash in the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator

由於目前台灣地區的垃圾焚化比例已達57%，未來32座大型都市垃圾焚化廠完工後，垃圾年焚化處理量將達807萬公噸，年灰渣產生量亦將達166萬公噸，如此龐大的數量加上掩埋場容積有限及新場覓地不易，底渣資源再利用已刻不容緩。 本文以3-E（工程、經濟與法規、環境）及6-Risk（技術風險、商業風險、經濟風險、法規風險、環境風險、健康風險）評估「燒結」、「熔融」及「分選/穩定」處理技術。結果顯示「分選/穩定」在資源回收處理技術較有優勢，目前台灣在底渣的「分選/穩定」處理技術方式已有首座應用實績，但後續仍有設備、產品通路等問題有待解決。 「破碎」及「分選」在底渣再利用技術中是相當重要的ㄧ環，本文除探討「破碎」、「分選」技術之操作外，並針對北部七座焚化廠產生之焚化底渣，在進到分選廠前各採三組樣品檢測含水率，而底渣經由磁選、篩分、渦電流分選後，其產出的級配約為88%~92%左右，鐵金屬約為6%~10%，非鐵金屬及未燃燒完全物質大約各佔剩餘的一半，至於重金屬含量成分也從檢測分析值，探討其對環境之影響。 最後探討A廠及新廠設計流程之缺失，本文加以修正設計處理流程，並計算有關質量平衡問題，希望能提供未來設廠之改進參考。The waste incineration ratio in Taiwan has reached 57%. After the completion of the 32 metropolis-scale incineration plants, the amount of waste incineration will reach 8.07 million tons per year, and the amount of bottom ash will reach 1.66 million tons. Such enormous amount, along with the limit to the capability of waste landfill and difficulty in developing new landfills, the reuse of bottom ash becomes an urgent issue. This study used 3-E (engineering, Economy and Regulation, and environment) and 6-risks (technical risk, commercial risk, economic risk, legal risk, environmental risk, and health risk) to evaluate the sintering, melting, and selective/stabilizing technologies. The results showed that separation/stabilizing is more advantageous in recycling technology. The separation /stabilizing technology has been applied in one plant in Taiwan, but problems concerning the equipment and product channels will have to be resolved. “Dismantling” and “separation” are important segments in the bottom ash reuse technology. This study discussed the operation of “dismantling” and “separation”, and measured the water content of the bottom ash produced by the seven incineration plants in northern Taiwan, by sampling three specimens each before sending to the separation plants. The bottom ashes were processed by magnetic separation, sieving, and eddy current separation. The gradation was about 88%-92%, the iron content was 6%-10%, the non-iron and substances from incomplete combustion were half of the residue. The heavy metal content was analyzed to explored the impact on the environment. Lastly, this study discussed the flaw charts in the design of Plant A and new plant, offered modification to the design, and calculated the mass balance, thus, to provide as a design reference for the new plants.第1章 導論...............................................1 1.1 前言.................................................1 1.2 研究內容與目的.......................................2 第2章 焚化底渣處理現況...................................3 2.1 都市垃圾焚化廠現況...................................3 2.2 焚化灰渣的來源與分類.................................6 2.3 底渣再利用之法規依據與內容...........................7 2.4 底渣之特性...........................................9 2.5 焚化底渣中之重金屬溶出特性..........................10 2.6 國外底渣之管理及應用................................12 2.7 小結................................................21 第3章 底渣處理及資源再利用技術探討......................23 3.1 底渣處理技術之評估..................................23 3.2 破碎之技術及設備探討................................30 3.2.1 破碎理論..........................................30 3.2.2 破碎目的及原理....................................31 3.2.3 破碎特性要求......................................31 3.2.4 破碎技術與設備....................................32 3.3 分選之技術及設備探討................................38 3.3.1 分選原理..........................................38 3.3.2 分選技術..........................................43 3.3.3 磁選技術與設備....................................45 3.3.4 渦電流分選技術與設備..............................47 3.4 國內底渣破碎、分選技術及其處理流程..................48 3.4.1 處理流程之主要專利技術............................49 3.4.2 操作之作業流程....................................51 3.4.3 磷酸鹽穩定化製程..................................58 3.4.4 水洗原理..........................................61 3.4.5 底渣再利用產品及流向..............................62 3.4.6 主要處理設備......................................66 3.5 其他有關破碎、分選技術之操作........................68 3.5.1 廢電子電器物品處理廠..............................68 3.5.2 廢機動車輛粉碎廠..................................74 3.5.3 綜合比較..........................................80 第4章 底渣分選廠之問題探討..............................83 4.1 鐵金屬之經濟價值....................................83 4.2 未燃燒完全物質......................................86 4.3 渦電流分選..........................................90 4.4 敲擊機刀具..........................................92 4.5 渦電流分選..........................................97 4.6 破碎機及級配篩......................................98 4.6.1 級配篩............................................98 4.6.2 破碎機...........................................101 第5章 底渣分選廠之產出分析.............................104 5.1 說明...............................................104 5.2 含水率.............................................105 5.3 級配重金屬溶出檢測分析.............................107 5.3.1 各廠檢測數據.....................................107 5.3.2 綜合分析.........................................110 5.4 產出分析...........................................113 第6章 未來新廠設計流程之研析...........................118 6.1 A廠之流程與質量平衡計算............................118 6.2 新廠設計處理流程之研析.............................119 6.2.1 基本設計要求.....................................119 6.2.2 新廠設計處理流程.................................121 6.3 底渣處理流程之規劃.................................124 6.4 質量平衡之計算.....................................126 6.5 小結...............................................134 第7章 結論和建議.......................................135 7.1結論................................................135 7.2建議................................................137 參考文獻...............................................138 作者簡歷...............................................14