Effects of Feeding Foxtail Millet and Adlay Processing Product on Gastric Mucosal Lesions, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Plasma Calcium level in Stress-Induced Animal Model

本研究以水浸潤拘束緊迫法(water immersion restraint stress, WIRS)之大鼠動物模式，從抗氧化的預防角度探討小米及薏仁加工產品對Wistar大白鼠改善胃黏膜損傷的程度並觀察在此壓力模式下是否影響血清鈣濃度及小腸消化酵素活性。研究期間以不同劑量的小米及薏仁加工產品替代AIN-93 G diet餵食Wistar大白鼠，最後以水浸潤拘束緊迫法誘導4小時後犧牲，評估潰瘍指數、胃黏膜非蛋白質硫基化合物含量、肝臟非蛋白質硫基化合物含量、胃黏膜脂質過氧化物含量、血清脂質過氧化物濃度、血清鈣濃度及小腸雙醣酶、澱粉酶、脂解酶、白胺酸胺基胜肽酶活性等生化值改變。研究結果顯示餵食小米四週後，低劑量小米組(10 %)與負控制組相比顯著減少水浸潤拘束緊迫法所造成的潰瘍指數、增加胃黏膜非蛋白質硫基化合物的含量並提高雙醣酶活性。另外，餵食薏仁加工產品五週後，發現低劑量組(15%)與負控制組相比能顯著降低水浸潤拘束緊迫法處理4小時所造成的潰瘍指數，與負控制組相比顯著降低肝臟脂質過氧化物含量並增加血清鈣濃度，高劑量(30%)下顯著比負控制組降低胃黏膜及肝臟脂質過氧化物含量，並且有提高澱粉酶、乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麥芽糖酶活性。The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of foxtail millet and adlay processing product (APP) on acute gastric mucosa lesions via water immersion restraint stress (WIRS) animal models based on their preventive antioxidation properties. The study provided insights to whether foxtail millet and APP could exert effects on plasma calcium level and digestive enzyme activities in the small intestines in Wistar rats. In this experiments, we used different dosages of foxtail millet and APP to replace partial components of AIN-93 G diet feeding to Wistar rats. Levels of gastric ulcer index (UI), gastric nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH), liver nonprotein sulfhydryl groups, gastric lipid peroxidation, plasma lipid peroxidation, plasma calcium level, intestine disaccharidase, amylase, lipase and leucine aminopeptidase activities were examined after four hours of WIRS. After four weeks of foxtail millet feeding, the low dosage group (10%) was significantly decreased UI and increased level of gastric NPSH and disaccharidase activities compared to the negative control group. In another experiment, after feeding APP for 5 weeks, low dosage group (15%) significantly decreased UI, liver lipid peroxidation and increased plasma calcium level compared with the negative control group. In high dosage of APP (30%), gastric mucosa and liver lipid peroxidation significantly decreased and amylase, lactase, sucrase, maltase activities significantly elevated compared to the negative control group.中文摘要………………………………………………………………………… Ⅰ 英文摘要………………………………………………………………………… Ⅱ 英文縮寫對照表………………………………………………………………… Ⅲ 目錄……………………………………………………………………………… Ⅴ 表目錄…………………………………………………………………………… Ⅸ 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………… ⅩⅠ 第一章 總論……………………………………………………………….......... 1 1.1 前言………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 文獻整理…………………………………………………………………... 2 1.2.1 小米…………………………………………………………………….. 2 1.2.1.1 小米簡介…………………………………………………………... 2 1.2.1.2 小米本草簡介……………………………………………………... 2 1.2.1.3 小米的營養價值…………………………………………………... 3 1.2.1.4 粟類作物…………………………………………………………... 4 1.2.2 薏苡…………………………………………………………………….. 6 1.2.2.1 薏苡簡介........................................................................................... 6 1.2.2.2 薏苡本草簡介……………………………………………………... 6 1.2.2.3 薏苡之機能性研究………………………………………………... 7 1.2.3 胃潰瘍………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.2.3.1 胃潰瘍簡介…………………………………..…………………..... 7 1.2.3.2 致病因素…………………………………………………………... 9 1.2.3.3 治療藥物…………………………………………………………... 13 1.2.3.4 胃保護因子與攻擊因子………...………………………………… 14 1.2.4 活性氧屬………..………………………...……………………………. 16 1.2.4.1 活性氧屬簡介……………………………………………………... 16 1.2.4.2 酵素性抗氧化防禦系統................................................................... 19 1.2.4.3 非酵素性抗氧化防禦系統............................................................... 20 1.2.4.4 壓力、胃黏膜損傷與自由基的關係............................................... 23 1.2.5 緊迫動物模式-水浸潤拘束緊迫法......................................................... 26 1.2.5.1 水浸潤拘束緊迫法簡介................................................................... 26 1.2.5.2 cimetidine簡介.................................................................................. 26 1.3 研究動機與目的........................................................................................... 27 1.4 實驗設計與架構........................................................................................... 28 第二章 餵食小米在緊迫動物模式下對胃黏膜損傷與腸道消化酵素活性及血清鈣濃度之影響..................................................................... 31 2.1 前言............................................................................................................... 31 2.2 材料與方法................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 實驗動物................................................................................................ 31 2.2.2 實驗材料................................................................................................ 31 2.2.3 飼料配製................................................................................................ 34 2.2.4 實驗方法................................................................................................ 34 2.2.4.1 實驗樣品一般成分分析................................................................. 34 2.2.4.2 動物分組......................................................................................... 37 2.2.4.3 水浸潤拘束緊迫法......................................................................... 37 2.2.4.4 樣本收集與分析............................................................................. 37 2.2.5 統計分析................................................................................................ 44 2.3 結果............................................................................................................... 44 2.3.1 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠生長情形及組織重量之影響......... 44 2.3.2 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠胃黏膜損傷及相關生化值之影響.......................................................................................................... 44 2.3.3 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠血清鈣濃度及小腸消化酵素之影響.......................................................................................................... 46 2.4 討論............................................................................................................... 47 2.4.1 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠生長情形及組織重量之影響......... 47 2.4.2 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠胃黏膜損傷之影響........................ 47 2.4.3 餵食小米四週後對Wistar大白鼠血清鈣濃度及小腸消化酵素之影響.......................................................................................................... 49 2.5 結論............................................................................................................... 50 第三章、餵食薏仁加工產品在緊迫動物模式下對胃黏膜損傷與腸道消化酵素活性及血鈣濃度之影響..................................................................... 51 3.1 前言............................................................................................................... 51 3.2 材料與方法................................................................................................... 51 3.2.1 實驗動物................................................................................................ 51 3.2.2 實驗材料................................................................................................ 52 3.2.3 飼料配製................................................................................................ 52 3.2.4 實驗方法................................................................................................ 54 3.2.4.1 動物分組......................................................................................... 54 3.2.4.2 水浸潤拘束緊迫法......................................................................... 54 3.2.4.3 樣本收集與分析............................................................................. 54 3.2.5 統計分析……………………………………………………………… 56 3.3 結果............................................................................................................... 57 3.3.1 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠生長情形及組織重量之影響......................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠胃黏膜損傷及相關生化值之影響................................................................................................. 57 3.3.3 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠血清鈣濃度及小腸消化酵素之影響............................................................................................. 59 3.4 討論............................................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠生長情形及組織重量之影響......................................................................................................... 60 3.4.2 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠胃黏膜損傷之影響......... 60 3.4.3 餵食薏仁加工產品五週後對Wistar大白鼠血清鈣濃度及小腸消化酵素之影響............................................................................................. 61 3.5 結論............................................................................................................... 63 參考文獻................................................................................................................ 91 附錄……………………………………………………………………………… 104 附錄1、餵食小米四週Wistar雄性大白鼠生長曲線變化……………..…….. 104 附錄2、餵食薏仁加工產品五週Wistar雄性大白鼠生長曲線變化................. 10