Development of WLAN based microclimate monitoring and control system focusing on the moisture content of growth media for the culturing of Phalaenopsis

本研究使用兩型偵測介電常數的含水率感測器(EC-5, -10, Decagon Device , Inc., USA)建立蝴蝶蘭栽培介質的含水率訊號轉換公式，探討的介質包括三種不同顆粒大小的樹皮(Orchiata, Besgrow,New Zealand)與三種不同來源（紐西蘭、智利與中國大陸）的水苔。 含水率感測器與其他環境因子感測器連接於內建網路晶片的可程式化介面控制卡(PICNIC, Programmable Interface Controller with Network Interface Card)的數位輸入埠，結合無線基地台(AP, Access Point)，允許將感測訊號做無線傳輸。感測器、PICNIC與AP的組合以田間伺服器(Field server, FS)稱之，多台FS可構成無線感測格網(Wireless Sensor Grid)，其中只需一台與網際網路連接便可全部上網。 使用Visual Basic (Microsoft, USA)建立套裝軟體具備十大功能，包括：1. 內建多種溫、濕度與適用於不同感測器與不同介質的含水率訊號轉換公式，2. 允許與遠端具固定IP的PICNIC的溝通（包括設定、監測與控制），3. 允許對遠端具固定IP的PICNIC內部的各數位或類比通訊埠透過軟體做修改，類比可轉做數位通信，數位輸入與輸出更可彈性更改，4. 允許對遠端數位攝影機(IP Camera)的遙控（上、下、左、右擺動與縮放）與串流影音接收，5. 允許對近端Web Camera 影像的接收與錄影，6. 監測訊號藉由GSM簡訊資料庫定時傳達語音訊息及寄送監測數據訊息至指定的手機，7. 遠端以浮動IP監測的數據檔案允許以FTP方式定期傳輸至系統管理者，8. 以關聯性資料庫紀錄監測數據、資料庫允許存取、搜尋與繪圖，9. 資料庫內容允許轉檔成Excel 或ASCII 文字檔案格式，10. 提供即時精靈，做線上解說等。Two models of moisture content sensor (EC-5, 10, Decagon Devices, Inc., USA), based on permittivity measurement, were used to monitor 3 types of barks (Orchiata, Besgrow, New Zealand) and 3 sources of sphagnum moss. Both types of growth media are commonly used in the Phalaenopsis production industry worldwide. Conversion equations from sensor output signal to moisture rate were established for different model and different growth media. Sensor outputs of moisture content and temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were transferred through a programmable interface controller with network interface card (PICNIC), in conjunction with a wireless access point (AP). The combination of sensors, PICNIC and AP is termed Field Server (FS) which make the collection of field data through Internet possible. All FS can be wirelessly connected and a web based wireless sensor grid can be formed with the requirement of only one FS connected to the Internet physically. The software developed, using Visual basic (Microsoft, USA), in this study consists of 10 major features: 1. conversion equations of several types of sensors were built into the software including T, RH, MR of different types of sensors to be used in different growth media. 2. PICNIC with fixed IP can be setup up, monitoring and controlled by any computer on the Internet. 3. I/O ports of PICNIC with fixed IP can be adjusted by any computer on the Internet. Analog input ports can be changed to digital out ports and all channels of digital I/O ports can be changed to either input or output ports. 4. Access to remote IP camera and capable of receiving streaming video, 270-degree range of pan, +90/-45 degree of tilt-up/down and 4x digital zoom in and out as well as 10x optical zoom in and out through Internet. Image capture and stored are also available. 5. Access to local web camera and capable of image capture and stored. 6. Monitoring sensor outputs can be transferred as a text and voice message to a selected mobile phone through GSM in a timely fashion or as a warning message when any defined unwanted situation occurred. 7. Sensor outputs of PICNIC with floating IP can be uploaded to the server site of the system manager at preset time interval through the FTP protocol. 8. Measuring data were stored in an ACCESS (Microsoft, USA) database and allow users to access/search/make figures. 9. Databases (monthly data per file) can be converted to Excel (Microsoft, USA) or ASCII data format. 10. Realtime genie with online help is provided when using the software.誌謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iv 目錄 v 圖目錄 ix 表目錄 xv 第一章 前言與研究目的 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 研究目的 3 第二章 文獻探討 4 2.1 無土介質之應用與發展 4 2.1.1 樹皮 4 2.1.2 水苔 7 2.2 量測介質含水率的灌溉策略探討 9 2.2.1 應用張力計的精確微灌 10 2.2.2 使用石膏塊來決定灌溉策略 12 2.2.3 使用時域反射法控制栽培介質的含水率 15 2.2.4 電介值法 18 2.3 濕空氣熱力學 23 2.3.1 蒸發作用與蒸散作用 24 2.3.2 蒸發散作用 28 2.3.3 蒸氣壓差 29 第三章 研究設備及方法 32 3.1 研究設備 32 3.1.1 模擬溫室 32 3.1.2 溫溼度記錄器 33 3.1.4 數據紀錄器 36 3.1.5 荷重元及重量感測模組 38 3.1.6 pH與EC感測器 42 3.1.7 PIC Network Interface Card 43 3.1.8 網路攝影機－IP Camera 43 3.2 監控系統發展 45 3.2.1 系統發展工具 45 3.2.2 資料庫應用軟體 45 3.2.3 系統發展架構 46 3.3 研究方法 48 3.3.1 荷重元之校正與重量感測模組之設定 48 3.3.2 蝴蝶蘭栽培介質特性測定 49 第四章 結果與討論 52 4.1. 初步實驗及結果討論 52 4.2樹皮含水率量測 58 4.2.1 三種不同尺寸的紐西蘭Orchiata樹皮 58 4.2.2 不同EC值之影響 60 4.2.3 樹皮使用前有無浸水之影響 66 4.2.4 感測器輸出訊號與樹皮重量含水率之間的迴歸方程式 74 4.2.5 樹皮重量含水率與容積含水率的轉換 75 4.3 水苔含水率量測 76 4.3.1 三種水苔不同填充緊實度之影響 76 4.3.2 不同EC範圍之影響 87 4.3.3感測器輸出訊號與水苔重量含水率之間的迴歸方程式 91 4.3.4 水苔重量含水率與容積含水率的轉換 93 4.4 無線監控系統功能 94 4.4.1 遠端設定硬體輸入及輸出 94 4.4.2 圖形化監控介面 95 4.4.3 資料庫建立與存取 97 4.4.4 24小時趨勢圖 99 4.4.5 資料庫搜尋及輸出轉檔 100 4.4.6 遠端登錄服務及FTP架構 103 4.4.7 GSM簡訊資料庫 104 4.4.8提示及導引精靈 106 第五章 結論與建議 107 5.1 結論 107 5.2 建議 109 參考文獻 110 附錄 114 附錄1－介質乾基含水率之試驗結果 115 附錄2－秤重軟體使用說明 133 附錄3－無線監控系統軟體使用說明 135 附錄4－光碟內容說明 16