KNOWLEDGE SHARING MODEL IN CONSTRUCTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

摘要 知識管理的重要性愈益被學者與企業組織重視，因為組織員工的知識具備價值、稀少、以及很困難去模仿或維持的特性，是組織維持競爭優勢的關鍵資源，因此如何管理知識成為組織欲維持及提昇產業競爭力的重要課題。 執行知識管理最大的障礙之一是：如何讓員工願意將其所擁有的知識分享給其他人？唯有員工將其知識分享出來，透過知識交換與結合的過程，創造出新的知識，才能提升組織之競爭優勢。要解決這樣的障礙，首先要了解知識分享的過程、分享之動機因素，研究如何促進員工的知識分享行為發生。知識管理資訊溝通平台ICT platform (information and communication technology platform)的導入與獎勵制度被認為是能夠促進員工知識分享的工具，可降低知識分享的成本，同時也有快速擴散的效果。但組織須考量組織內部的知識分享活動所帶給組織的利潤是否能夠負擔知識管理系統工具與制度的成本。此外，不同產業類型的企業組織，所擁有的知識特性也有差異，不同的知識有其適當的分享動機與方式，企業組織可以依據其所認為最有價值的知識特性，追求不同的知識管理策略。因此組織在規劃知識管理的過程中，需先對組織內部進行影響知識分享之因素的評估，再制定與導入對組織而言最適當的知識管理制度。 本研究以賽局理論為基礎，有系統地分析組織與員工間知識分享的競合關係：員工在分享知識所得到的效用大於分享成本時，才會願意分享出他的知識；組織必須考量導入平台成本以及獎酬成本，是否能夠被員工分享出其知識所帶給組織的利潤價值攤平。從經濟效益的角度出發，建立一個知識分享模型，透過各種均衡條件，從三個向度來衡量知識的特性，協助分析知識本質與組織特質之間的關連性，將知識整理歸類。最後提供組織決策者在考量制訂知識分享制度前，可從三個因素評估：組織內部最主要的知識類型、知識分享是否具有規模效益、知識分享的方式。決策者可根據本研究建議之參考原則，做出合適的組織導入平台之決策及個別知識獎勵之決策，使組織能夠有效且確實地推動知識分享。Abstract This study develops a game-theoretical model of knowledge sharing. Based on the equilibria of the model, this study explores why individuals share knowledge, what the relationship between the characteristics of knowledge and the environments of firms is, and then develops the assessment rules for determining knowledge management strategy in terms of ICT platforms and rewards decisions. In this model, knowledge could be categorized according to three dimensions: explicit sharing cost, implicit sharing cost, and the benefit of the firm due to the knowledge sharing strategy. Then, knowledge management strategy could be formed according to: category of the main knowledge in a firm, the type of process of sharing knowledge, and whether there is scale effect through the ICT platform. Consequently, since characteristics of knowledge and that of firms in construction are very diverse, this study, the author hopes, may provide theoretic foundations for assessing the knowledge management environment and developing better knowledge management strategy.Table of contents CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Motivations and objectives 1 1.3. Significance 2 1.4. Organization 3 CHAPTER 2. Literature Review 4 2.1. Knowledge management 4 2.2. Knowledge sharing 5 2.3. ICT for knowledge sharing 6 2.4. Rewards for knowledge sharing 7 CHAPTER 3. Research Methodology 10 3.1. Game theory 10 3.1.1. Type of games 10 3.1.2. Game solution: Nash equilibrium 12 CHAPTER 4. The Model 14 4.1. Knowledge sharing process 14 4.1.1. Knowledge transfer 14 4.1.2. Tacit-process and explicit-process 15 4.1.3. The functions of ICT platforms in knowledge sharing 16 4.2. The assumptions 17 4.2.1. Knowledge management strategies 17 4.3. The parameters 19 4.3.1. Employees related parameters 19 4.3.2. Firm related parameters 20 4.3.3. Tacit sharing process through the ICT platform 21 4.3.4. Explicit sharing process through the ICT platform 22 4.4. Game trees and the equilibria 22 CHAPTER 5. The implications of the model 42 5.1. Knowledge categorizations 42 5.2. Reward system 49 5.3. Assessment rule 49 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 53 6.1. Research conclusions 53 6.2. Research limitations 53 6.3. Research suggestions 5