Intellectual disability (ID), one of the most complex disorders, has a worldwide prevalence of approximately 2% and is a frequent cause of severe disability. Therefore this disorder constitutes a major burden not only on the affected families but also on society. It has become clear that X-linked forms account for only ten percent of ID cases, which means that the vast majority of the underlying genetic defects must be autosomal, but it has so far received considerably less attention. A particularly straightforward strategy for the identification of genes underlying autosomal recessive disorders is homozygosity mapping in extended consanguineous families, followed by mutation screening of candidate genes. In Western societies, where most of...