(Super)gelators derived from push–pull chromophores: synthesis, gelling properties and second harmonic generation

The present work takes advantage of the self-assembly process occurring along organogelation, to organize Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) active chromophores. To do so, three push–pull chromophores endowed with a dodecyl urea chain were synthesized and characterized. Their organogelating properties were studied in a wide range of solvents. Despite similar architectures, these derivatives exhibit very different gelling properties, from supergelation to the absence of gelling ability. The utilization of the Hansen solubility parameters allows for observing clear relationships between the gelled solvents and critical gelation concentrations. By evaporating the solvents from the organogels, xerogel materials were prepared and systematically studied by means of optical and electron microscopy as well as SHG microscopy. These studies demonstrate the critical role of the solvent over material structuring and allow generalizing the approach exploiting organogelation as a structuring tool to spontaneously organize push–pull chromophores into SHG-active materials.The authors are grateful to the University of Angers for its support through an Arianes Fellowship as well as the Region Pays de la Loire and Angers Loire Metropole for funding a postdoctoral fellowship through the LUMOMAT program. The authors also acknowledge the PIAM and the SCIAM platforms of the University of Angers for their help. The authors also thank the Agence Nationale de la Recherche for granting the FOGEL project and DC is grateful to the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) for a Délégation period.The research led in the Universidad de Zaragoza was financed by MINECO (CTQ2014-52331R) and the Gobierno de Aragón-Fondo Social Europeo (E39). A predoctoral fellowship (FPI BES2009-016966), with EEBB FPI 2012 and 2013, is also acknowledged.Peer reviewe