Using of beneficial bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis to protect grape wine from pests

Vinogradarstvo u Hrvatskoj je razvijena gospodarska grana. Zbog različitosti klimatskih i pedoloških uvjeta, zemljopisna područja uzgoja vinove loze u Republici Hrvatskoj podijeljena su na tri regije: Zapadna kontinentalna Hrvatska, Istočna kontinentalna Hrvatska i Primorska Hrvatska, koje korespondiraju s vinogradarskim zonama proizvodnje B, C1 i C2. Najzastpljenije sorte su Graševina, Malvazija istarska i Plavac mali crni. Da bi uzgoj vinove loze rezultirao uspješnom proizvodnjom vina potrebno je poznavati njenu morfologiju i fenološka svojstva. U morfologiji vinove loze razlikujemo njene generativne i vegetativne organe. Generativni organi podrazumjevaju cvijet, cvat, grozd, vitice, bobice i sjemenke, a vegetativni korijen, stablo sa krakovima i ograncima, mladice, rozgve i lišće. Vinova loza prolazi kroz sedam fenofaza, a to su: suzenje ili plač, pupanje, rast i razvoj vegetacije, cvatnja i oplodnja, rast bobica, dozrijevanje grožđa, priprema za zimski odmor i zimski odmor. Najznačajnije bolesti vinove loze su plamenjača, pepelnica, siva plijesan i crna pjegavost dok su najznačajniji štetnici crveni voćni pauk, cigaraš, grinje uzročnici akarinoze i erinoze. U borbi protiv bolesti i štetnika najviše se koriste kemijska sredstva, ali zbog nepovoljnih utjecaja na zdravlje ljudi i okoliš u posljednje vrijeme sve veći značaj dobiva i biološka zaštita vinove loze. Zaštita od bolesti i štetnika u ekološkoj proizvodnji temelji se na upotrebi biopreparata i povećanju biološke razolikosti.Wine growing in Croatia has developed an economic branch. Because of the diversity of climatic and pedological conditions, the geographical areas of grapevine production in the Republic of Croatia are divided into three regions: Western continental Croatia, Eastern continental Croatia and Maritime Croatia, corresponding to the vineyard zones of production B, C1 and C2. The most extinct varieties are Graševina, Malvazija Istarska and Plavac mali crni. In order to produce grape vine results in successful wine production it is necessary to know its morphology and its phenological properties. In the vine morphology we differentiate its generative and vegetative organs. Generative organs include flowers, buds, clusters, tendrils, berries and seeds, and vegetative root, tree with branches , sprouts and leaves. The grape vine passes through the seven phylogenes, which are: drying or weeping, sprouting, growth and development of vegetation, flowering and fertilization, berry growth, ripening of grapes, preparation for winter and winter sleep. The most significant diseases of grapevine are flakes, ashtrays, gray mold and black spots, while the most important pests are red fruit spider, cigar, mites, acinarosis and erinosis. In the fight against diseases and pests, chemical resources are the most prevalent, but due to adverse impacts on human health and the environment, the biological protection of grapevine is becoming increasingly important. The protection of diseases and pests in ecological production is based on the use of biopreparations and the increase of biological disparity