Development of attorneyship in Croatia from 1848. - 1918.

Osobe koje se profesionalno bave zastupanjem stranaka pred sudovima prvi put se susreću krajem 15. st., ali se svakako vjeruje da su postojale i mnogo ranije. Prastari hrvatski nazivi za ovog pomoćnika i zastupnika pred sudom su „odvetnik“ ili „prokurator“. Osnovni uvjet za vršenje prokurature od najstarijih vremena bio je da kandidat položi prokuratorsku zakletvu. Prokurator je imao pravo zastupati kod onog suda kod kojeg je položio zakletvu i bio unesen u popis prokuratora. Uređenje advokature na ovim prostorima ugarskohrvatskim pravom trajalo je sve dok nije donesen „Odvjetnički red“ 1852. godine. Taj je zakon ukinuo sve dotadašnje propise i postavio tu ustanovu na nove temelje. Odvjetnički red primijenjivao se u Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji, Mađarskoj i Vojvodini. Po ovom je zakonu odvjetnike imenovao ministar pravosuđa. Od kandidata je zakon zahtijevao da budu punoljetni austrijski državljani, da nemaju poroke, da nisu pod skrbništvom i da nisu kažnjavani za određena kaznena djela. Od stručnih kvalifikacija kandidati su morali imati doktorat prava i položen ispit. Praksa potrebna za obavljanje ispita trajala je tri godine. Disciplinsku vlast nad odvjetnicima imali su sudovi. Svaki sud pred kojim je tekao postupak imao je pravo kazniti odvjetnika za povrede dužnosti učinjene u postupku. Protiv takve odluke odvjetnik je imao pravo žalbe višem sudu. Strože kazne mogao je odvjetniku izreći samo Banski stol, nakon provedene disciplinske istrage. U Dalmaciji je do konačnog uređenja odvjetništva došlo 6.7. 1868. kada je donesen Advokatski red. Prema tome zakonu advokatura je bila slobodna u tom smislu što je svaki kandidat koji je ispunjavao određene zakonske uvjete imao pravo biti upisan u listu advokata.Persons who professionally represent parties before the court of law were first noted at the turn of the 15th century, although they are believed to have existed much earlier. The old Croatian name for this sort of representatives in court was „odvetnik“ or „prokurator“ (procurator). Main requirements for becoming a procurator, since ancient times, included taking an oath of procuracy. A procurator had the right to represent only before the exact court where they took the oath and within the registry of which they were listed as procurators. Regulation of advocacy by the Austro-Hungarian law in the broader region lasted until the enactment of the so-called „Odvjetnički red“ (Attorneys' Regulation) in 1852. This regulation abolished all the previous regulations and positioned this institution on new foundations. „Odvjetnički red“ was applied in Croatia, Slavonia, Hungary, and Vojvodina. According to this law, attorneys were appointed by the Minister of justice. The law required that every candidate was an adult citizen of Austria, had no vices, was not under guardianship or had previously been punished for certain crimes. In terms of professional qualification, they were required to hold a Ph.D. in law and to had successfully passed the bar exam. The period of internship required for taking the bar exam was three years. The courts had disciplinary authority over the attorneys. Each court before which proceedings were conducted had the right to sentence an attorney for violation of their duties. The attorney had the right to file an appeal before the court of second instance . Stricter punishments could be assigned to the attorney only by the so-called „Banski stol“ (Tabula Banalis - Supreme court of Croatia) upon conducted disciplinary investigation. Final organization of the attorneyship in Dalmatia took place on July 6th, 1868 when the so-called „Advokatski red“ (Attorneys' Regulation) was enacted. Pursuant to this regulation the attorneyship was liberal in the sense that each candidate that fulfilled certain legal requirements had the right to be listed in the registry of attorneys