Infections in orthopaedics and trauma surgery

Infekcija je pojam koji opisuje rast i umnažanje mikroorganizama u višestaničnom organizmu. Prema uzročniku, infekcije lokomotornog sustava možemo podijeliti na bakterijske, virusne, gljivične i parazitarne. Najčešći od svih bakterijskih uzročnika je zlatni stafilokok (lat. Staphylococcus aureus). Prema trajanju infekciju/infektivnu bolest možemo podijeliti na akutnu, kroničnu te trajnu ili perzistentnu infekciju . Za postavljanje dijagnoze infektivne bolesti lokomotornog sustava bitni su klinički pregled, anamneza i laboratorijske pretrage. Od kliničkih znakova bolesti, karakteristični su bolnost, crvenilo, oteklina u području kostiju i zglobova, bolnost pri aktivnom i pasivnom pomicanju te oštećenje funkcije. Liječenje infekcija lokomotornog sustava može biti konzervativno i kirurško. Konzervativno liječenje podrazumIjeva primjenu antibiotika koji djeluju na uzročnika i dobro prodiru na mjesto infekcije u kosti ili zglobu te imaju što manje nuspojava. Osteomijelitis je infektivna upala kosti uzrokovana bakterijama. Sam naziv osteomijelitis, ukazuje da su upalom zahvaćeni svi dijelovi kosti, periost, kortikospongioza i sadržaj medularnog kanala. Gnojni artritis ili pioartros (grč.pyon - gnoj, arthros – zglob) je upala sinovijalnoga zgloba prouzročena mikroorganizmima. Periprotetičke infekcije su bakterijske infekcije koje zahvaćaju kosti i meka tkiva oko ugrađenog umjetnog zgloba – endoproteze.Infection is characterized by the growth and multiplication of microorganisms in a multicellular organism . Musculoskeletal infections can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic agent. The most common bacterial pathogen, that causes bone infections, is called Staphylococcus aureus. According to the duration of infection, infectious disease can be divided into acute, chronic and permanent/persistent infection . Clinical examination, medical history and laboratory tests are essential for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections. Disease can be presented with soreness, redness, swelling around the affected bone and joint area, pain during the active and passive movement and damaged function. Treatment of musculoskeletal infections can be both conservative and surgical. Conservative therapy includes application of antibiotics that penetrate well into the site of infection in the bone or joint and that have less side effects . Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone caused by bacteria . The name itself indicates that inflammation affects all parts of the bone, periosteum, cortical spongiosis and content of the medullary canal. Suppurative arthritis or pioartros is an inflammation of the synovial joint caused by microorganisms. Surgical site infections are bacterial infections that affect the bone and soft tissue around the built-in artificial joint or endoprosthesis