Plant breeding procedures in the ecologic agriculture

Ekološka poljoprivreda je poseban sustav održivog gospodarenja. Obuhvaća uzgoj biljaka i životinja, proizvodnju hrane, sirovina i vlakana, a temelji se na ekološki opravdanim metodama i zahvatima. Pomoću prirodnih sila te uz minimalnu upotrebu agrokemikalija, ekološka poljoprivreda povećava prinos i otpornost biljaka koristeći plodnost tla i raspoloživost vode. Najčešći termini koji se upotrebljavaju za ekološku poljoprivredu su: biološka, organska, alternativna, prirodna, održiva, ekološki prihvatljiva poljoprivreda, poljoprivreda bez agrokemikalija, agroekologija te tradicionalna poljoprivreda. Najbolje tlo za bavljenje eko poljoprivredom je ono koje ima neutralnu vrijednost, sadržaj organskih tvari od 3 % do 5 % i dovoljnu količinu hranjiva. Plodored je jedan od bitnih čimbenika u eko proizvodnji zbog povećanja prinosa i smanjenja bolesti i štetnika. U obradi tla najčešće se izvodi oranje, drljanje i kultiviranje tla. Kod eko proizvodnje korovi se uništavaju dok još nisu postojani, a ako jesu onda se koristi plug koji prodire duboko u tlo. Uništavanje korova moguće je i prekrivanjem slamom, biorazgradivim folijama, stajskim gnojem, piljevinom i slično. Gnojidba se obavlja primjenom organskih i ,,trgovačkih“ gnojiva, kompostom i zelenom gnojidbom tla. Sjetva može biti ručna i mehanizirana. Rok sjetve određuju biološke značajke kulture. Mjere njege dijele se na preventivne (uzgoj otpornih sorata, plodored, gnojidba stajskim gnojem, zelena gnojidba), mehaničke i fizičke mjere, te alternativne mjere njege (uporaba živih mikroorganizama, biljnih obrambenih aktivatora).Organic farming is a special system of sustainable management. Includes breeding of plants and animals, food production, raw materials and fibers, and is based on ecologically justifiable methods and procedures. Using natural forces and with minimal use of agrochemicals, organic farming increases yield and the resistance of plants using soil fertility and the availability of water. The most common terms used for organic farming are: biological, organic, alternative, natural sustainable, environmentally friendly agriculture, agriculture without agrochemicals, agroecology and traditional agriculture. The best soil for dealing with organic farming is one that has a neutral value, contains 3 % to 5 % organic substances and has a sufficient amount of nutrients. Crop rotation is one of the essential factors in organic production because of an increase in yield and reduction of diseases and pests. In soil tillage, plowing, harrowing and cultivation of soil are the most frequently performed. With organic production weeds are destroyed before they have started to grow and if they manage to grow then is used plow which penetrates deep into the soil. Weed removal is also possible by covering with straw, biodegradable foils, with manure, with sawdust and similar. Fertilization is done by applying organic and ,,commercial“ fertilizers, compost and green fertilization of soil. Sowing can be hand-held and mechanized. Sowing period is determined by the biological characteristics of culture. Measures of care are divided into preventive (breeding resistant varieties, crop rotation, fertilization with manure, green manure), mechanical and physical measures, and alternative measures of care (use of live microorganisms, herbal defensive activator)