Prehrana bolesnika na dijalizi

Pravilna i uravnotežena prehrana ima posebno veliku i značajnu ulogu kod bolesnika s kroničnim bubrežnim zatajenjem (KBZ). Kronično zatajenje bubrega je dugotrajno, progresivno slabljenje bubrežne funkcije koja dovodi do porasta i nakupljanja metaboličkih produkata u organizmu bolesnika . Kod bolesnika s kroničnim bubrežnim zatajenjem provodi se metoda nadomještanja bubrežne funkcije dijalizom, peritonejskom dijalizom i transplantacijom bubrega. Dijaliza je medicinski postupak koji se provodi kod bolesnika kojima je funkcija bubrega privremeno ili trajno zakazala, pa se tim postupkom iz krvi uklanjaju otpadne tvari kao što su ureja, kalij, kreatinin i suvišna tekućina koju bolesni bubrezi ne mogu otkloniti iz organizma, pa je potreban postupak dijalize kod bolesnika. Prehranu bubrežnih bolesnika treba prilagoditi osnovnoj bubrežnoj bolesti, stupnju oštećenja bubrežne funkcije, poremećajima vode, elektrolita, krvnog tlaka, visini i tjelesnoj težini, mišićnoj masi, dobi i spolu bolesnika. Kod bolesnika s kroničnim bubrežnim zatajenjem vrlo je važna procjena i praćenje statusa uhranjenosti, a one su ključne sastavnice optimalnog liječenja bubrežnog bolesnika. Proteinsko - energijska pothranjenost važan je pokazatelj lošeg ishoda liječenja bolesnika na hemodijalizi. Čimbenici koji je uzrokuju povezani su sa metaboličkim poremećajima koji nastaju uslijed slabljenja funkcije bubrega. Procjena stanja uhranjenosti provodi se metodama od jednostavnih mjerenja do sveobuhvatnih obrazaca koji uključuju antropometrijske, biokemijske i subjektivne metode procjene statusa uhranjenosti bolesnika. Prehrana bubrežnih bolesnika smatra se jednom od najzahtjevnijih prehrana zbog kojih postoji kod bolesnika ograničenje u unosu nutritivnih tvari i tekućine, a to je za bolesnike na dijalizi nekad jako teško prihvatljivo, jer se njihove životne navike odjednom mijenjaju. Liječenje tih bolesnika je vrlo složeno i potrebna je stalna suradnja medicinskih sestara, liječnika i bolesnika. Dobrom edukacijom i suradljivošću bolesnika i njihovih obitelji možemo postići dobre rezultate kod bolesnika i olakšati im boravak na dijalizi.Proper and balanced nutrition has a particularly large and important role in patients with chronic renal failure (CKF). Chronic kidney failure is a long-term, progressive weakening of kidney function, which leads to the increasing leves in the accumulation of metabolic products in the body of patients. In patients with chronic renal failure implemented methods are dialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. Dialysis is a medical procedure that is performed in patients whose renal function is temporarily or permanently mark,. This method include removing of blood waste products such as urea, potassium, creatinine and excess liquid which sick kidneys can not eliminate from the body. Nutrition of patients with kidney disorders need to be adjusted to the degree of primary renal disease, renal impairment, disorders of water, electrolyte, blood pressure, height and weight, muscle mass, age and gender of patients. In patients with chronic renal failure, very important is assessment and monitoring of nutritional status, and they are the key components of optimal treatment of patients with kidney disorders. Protein - energy malnutrition is an important indicator of poor treatment of patients on hemodialysis. Factors that cause disorders are associated with metabolic disorders which are results of the impairment of renal function. The assessment of nutritional status is implemented methods from simple measurements to comprehensive forms include anthropometric, biochemical and subjective assessment methods nutritional status of patients. Nutrition of patients with kidney disorders is considered one of the most demanding diets in which is a patient limited with the entry of nutritional substances, liquids and it is sometimes very hard to accept, because of immediately and necessary change of patients habits. Treatment of these patients is very complex and it requires constant cooperation of nurses, doctors and patients. Good education and cooperation of patients and their families can achieve good results on patients health and it can also improve their treatment on dialysis