A Comparison of Treatment Programmes for Male and Female Domestic Violence Perpetrators

Početne reakcije na nasilje u obitelji bile su zatvaranje počinitelja i pružanje pomoći isključivo žrtvi. Međutim, s vremenom se uvidjelo da ukoliko se želi prekinuti i spriječiti nasilje potrebno je pomoći ne samo žrtvi, nego i počinitelju kaznenog djela. Tim povodom započela je provedba psihosocijalnih programa tretmana za počinitelje obiteljskog nasilja. Prvi tretmanski rad bio je namijenjen muškarcima jer se njih smatralo glavnim i jedinim počiniteljima nasilja dok su u tretmanskom radu novijeg doba kao počinitelji sve više zastupljene i žene što donosi izazove teorijskom promišljanju i praktičnom radu. S tim u vezi, usporedbom programa tretmana za počinitelje obiteljskog nasilja prema spolu nastojalo se dati uvid u postojeću praksu i teoretska saznanja vezana za predmetni problem. Kada je riječ o uzrocima iskazivanja nasilja kod počinitelja oba spola spominje se iskustvo nasilja doživljeno od vlastitih roditelja. Specifično za muške počinitelje ističe se još socijalizacija u okvirima patrijarhalnosti, a za žene nasilje kao čin samoobrane ili osvete za ono pretrpljeno. Također, u obje populacije visoka je prisutnost poremećaja osobnosti. Iz razlika u osobnostima proizlaze i različite tretmanske potrebe. Kako bi bile što bolje zadovoljene stvaraju se različiti programima tretmana. Kakav je programa za muške počinitelje, a kakav za ženske počinitelje nasilja u obitelji tema je ovog rada. Usporedba programa provedena je prema komponentama: korisnici programa, filozofija programa, tretmanski ugovor, organizacija priručnika, trajanje programa i pojedinog susreta, plan programa, struktura susreta, tip grupe, metode i tehnike rada, radni materijali i zadatci, završetak programa i sigurnost žrtve. Osnovni uvidi proizašli na temelju usporedbe pokazuju da se programi razlikuju s obzirom na teorijska polazišta, ali predviđene teme gotovo da su iste. Istovjetne su i tehnike rada, ali radni materijali i zadatci se značajno razlikuju. Trajanje cjelokupnog programa je u određenoj mjeri slično dok su učestalost i duljina pojedinih susreta jednaki. Sigurnost žrtve je u oba programa nedostatno obrađena. Koliko su programi tretmana nasilja u obitelji uspješni u zaustavljanju istoga ne može se jednoznačno odrediti jer rezultati istraživanja govore o različitim razinama uspješnosti, od vrlo niskih do značajnih.The initial response to domestic violence was to inprison the perpetrators and provide assistance to the victims. However, over time we have realised that if we want to stop and prevent violence it is necessary to help not only the victim but also the perpetrator. This is by implementing psychosocial treatment programs for perpetrators of domestic violence. The first treatment work was intended for men because they were considered the main and sole perpetrators of violence, whereas today there is an increasing amount of women being treated for violence which challenges the theoretical and practical work of the treatment. Because of this, a comparison of treatment programs for perpetrators of domestic violence by gender was intended to give an insight into the existing practice and theoretical knowledge related to the subject matter. When it comes to the causes of violence the perpetrators of both sexes mentioned that they experienced violence by their own parents. Specifically for male perpetrators it is apparent that socialization in terms of patriarchy and women's violence is an act of self-defense or revenge for what they endured. Also, in both population groups,there are personality disorders. From the difference in personalities, different therapeutic needs arise. To be better able to meet these needs different treatment programs have been created. This paper discusses the treatment programs for male perpetrators and for female perpetrators of domestic violence. To be able to compare the programs, several components were included: users of the program, the philosophy of the program, a treatment contract, organization manual, the duration of the program and individual meetings, plan of the programs, the structure of the meeting, group types, methods and techniques, working materials and tasks, the completion of the program and the safety of victims. Basic insights derived based on comparisons show that the programs differ with respect to theoretical assumptions, but the anticipated topics are almost the same. The work techniques are the same but the materials used and tasks differ significantly. The duration of the entire program is to some extent similar, while the frequency and length of individual meetings are equal. The safety of the victims in both programs is insufficiently investigated. Whether or not treatment programs against violence are successful in stopping the same can not be determined because the results of the research give different levels of success, from very low to significant