Violence - psychodinamic aspects

Nasilje je oduvijek intrigiralo ljude kao značajan socijalno i emocionalno uznemirujući fenomen koji ostavlja vidne posljedice na psihološko i tjelesno funkcioniranje pojedinca, a nasilni čin kao potresan događaj koji iza sebe ostavlja brojna pitanja. U društvu koje tolerira nasilje i u kojem je agresija, u bilo kojoj formi, sastavni dio ustroja i sredstvo suživota u zajednici, nasilje poprima epidemijski razmjer i postaje pitanje socijalnog, kulturološkog, političkog i psihološkog značenja. Zbog toga ne treba posebno naglašavati potrebu za proučavanjem uzroka tog fenomena kako izvan tako i unutar čovjeka. Od ranog razvoja prema sustavnom formiranju ličnosti u adolescenciji te kroz odraslu dob postoji niz procesa koji ako poprime patološke obrasce vode u kasnije teže suočavanje sa svakodnevnim izazovima za psihološko funkcioniranje pojedinca, a kao rezultat nerijetko vode u devijantne oblike ponašanja koji se često manifestiraju nasilnim činom. Svaki nasilni čin ima svoju evoluciju i postoji uzastopan slijed uzroka koji rezultiraju specifičnom reakcijom pojedinca. Ovaj pregledni članak nastoji prikazati rezultate i zaključke istraživanja na temu raznih vrsta nasilja kao i njihova razmatranja o nastanku nasilnog tipa ličnosti i nasilne reakcije kao takve. Uz definiciju nasilja i komparacije s drugim pojmovima kao centralnom temom bavi se ulogom psihodinamskih procesa kao ključnih u procesu razvoja karakteristične ličnosti sklone nasilnim reakcijama prema drugima, ali i prema sebi. Ovaj članak opisuje i kontekst u kojemu se nasilje događa kao i ulogu tog konteksta kako u razvitku nasilja, tako i u onemogućavanju istoga. Uz različite pristupe u dijagnostici i prepoznavanju nasilnog pojedinca opisuje i načine psihološke intervencije te prevenciju budućih nasilnih događaja i ulogu cijele zajednice u rehabilitaciji pojedinca sklonog nasilnim reakcijama.Violence has always intrigued people as an important yet disturbing social and emotional phenomenon that leaves profound consequences on psychological and physical functioning of an individual, while a violent act is an upsetting incidence that raises numerous questions. In a society in which violence is tolerated and aggression is an integral component of everyday life, violence takes toll and reaches epidemic proportions, thus becoming an issue of social, cultural, political and psychological significance. For this reason, there is no need to further emphasize the necessity to study its cause, both in a certain environment and inside a person. From the early development, towards a systematic formation of personality in adolescence and through adulthood, there are numerous processes which can cause the development of pathological patterns and lead to difficulties in coping with everyday psychological challenges, consequently, this frequently leads to deviant behaviour which is often manifested as a violent act. Every violent act has its own evolution and there is a consecutive sequence of causes that result in a particular individual reaction. This review article aims to show the results and conclusions of various research concerning different types of violence, as well as their deliberation on the development of violent personality and violent act as such. Starting with the definition of violence and comparison with other terms as the central subject, the article deals with psychodynamic aspects of violence, which are deemed crucial in the development of a personality prone to violent reaction towards others and to themselves. This article also describes the context in which violence occurs and the role of this context in the development and restriction of violence. Alongside different therapeutic approaches in diagnostics, it also describes the means of psychological intervention, prevention, and the role of community in the rehabilitation of a violent individual