Intestinal microbiota composition in patients with gastrointestinal disorders

U ljudskom probavnom sustavu nalazi se više od 100 trilijuna mikroorganizama koji čine crijevnu mikrobiotu što je 10 puta više nego broj svih ljudskih stanica u organizmu. Uspostava i razvoj ekološkog sustava crijevne mikrobiote počinje s rođenjem, a uspostavljena crijevna mikroflora tijekom života je relativno stabilna, no podloţna utjecajima egzogenih i endogenih faktora (prehrana, korištenje lijekova, bolesti, starenje). Sastav crijevne mikrobiote je specifičan za svaku osobu i teško je definirati što je zdrava mikrobiota. Crijevna mikrobiota ima značajnu ulogu u čovjekom zdravlju i bolesti. Vaţnost crijevne mikrobiote se očituje kroz njihove utjecaje na čovjekovu fiziologiju, metabolizam, prehranu i imunosnu funkciju. Disbioza ili poremećaj crijevne mikroflore je pojam koji označava narušavane prirodne ravnoteže mikroorganizama u probavnom traktu. Poremećaj može nastati zbog smanjenja povoljnih mikroorganizama, prerastanja potencijalno štetnih mikroogranizama ili zbog smanjenja cjelokupne mikrobiološke raznovrsnosti. Poremećaji crijevne mikrobiote su povezani s brojnim stanjima i sindromima, uključujući upalne bolesti crijeva, kolorektalni karcinom, sindrom iritabilnog kolona, alergijske bolesti, pretilost, metabolički sindrom, celijakija. Danas se sve više proučava odnos prehrane i mikrobiote te učinak prehrambenih intervencija. U kliničkoj praksi je sve prisutnija upotreba nutritivne sastavnice poput probiotika, prebiotika i simbiotika. Probiotici su živi mikroorganizmi s pozitivnim utjecajem na ravnotežu u crijevu, dok su prebiotici nerazgradive sastavnice hrane bazirane na selektivnoj stimulaciji povoljnih crijevnih bakterija. I probioticima i prebioticima se pripisuju brojna pozitivna djelovanja na čovjekovo zdravlje. TakoĎer pronalaze se drugi načini manipulacije crijevnom mikrobiotom u želji za prevencijom ili potencijalnom tretiranju bolesti povezanih s poremećajima mikrobiote (poput fekalne transplantacije mikrobiote).The human gut microbiota harbours over 100 trillion microorganisms that form the intestinal microbiota which is 10 times more than the number of all human cells in the organism. The development of the ecosystem of the intestinal microbiota begins with birth and established intestinal microflora during life is relatively stable, but susceptible to the influences of exogenous and endogenous factors (diet, use of medications, disease, ageing). The composition of the intestinal microbiota is unique for each person and it is difficult to define what the healthy microbiota is. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease. The importance of intestinal microbiota is manifested through their impacts on human physiology, metabolism, diet and immune function. Dysbiosis or disorder of intestinal microflora is a term describing the disruption of the natural balance of microorganisms in the digestive tract. The disorder may occur due to loss of beneficial micorbial organisms, expansion of pathobionts or potentially harmful microorganisms and loss of overall micorbial diversity. Disorders of gut microbiota are associated with a variety of conditions and syndromes, as well as diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, celiac disease. Today, there is great interest in observing the relationship between diet and microbiota and impact of food interventions. In clinical practice is an increased use of nutritional components such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics with the aim to restore balance in the compostion of microbiota. Probiotics are live microorganisms with a positive impact on the balance in the intestine, while prebiotics are degradable components of foods based on selective stimulation of favourable intestinal bacteria. To the probiotics and prebiotics are attributed a number of positive effects on human health. Also, other ways are today investigetd and applied such as intestinal manipulation with microbiome to restore the desired potential of our “bacterial alliance” for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with disorders of the microbiota (such it is a faecal microbiota transplantation mesure)