Apneja u snu

Apneja u spavanju utječe na arhitekturu sna, na način da svojim prekidima spavanja dovodi do povećane izmjene nonREM i REM faze sna i narušava normalni redoslijed spavanja i za posljedicu ima dnevne simptome. Apneja u snu ili sleep apnea je vrlo česti poremećaj disanja u snu koji se pretežito javlja u pretilih i starijih osoba. Karakterizirana je zastojem disanja za vrijeme spavanja, sniženjem saturacije hemoglobina kisikom u krvi te buđenjem tijekom noći uslijed osjećaja nedostatka zraka i nemogućnosti udisanja. Razlikujemo centralnu i opstruktivnu apneju u snu, mada se obje klinički manifestiraju istim simptomima. Simptomi su apneja, hipopneja, dnevni simptomi kao umor, uspavanost i slaba koncentracija, te znakovi tijekom spavanja kao hrkanje i odsustvo zraka. Opstruktivna apneja u spavanju je česta kronična bolest koja potražuje cijeloživotnu terapiju. Jako je bitno postaviti dijagnozu OSA jer ti pacijenti imaju povećan rizik za slabiju neurokognitivnu funkciju i druge medicinske probleme, zbog hipoksemije tijekom sna koja traje nekoliko mjeseci ili godina. Centralna apneja u spavanju je poremećaj u kojem se pojavljuju periodi nedostatnog protoka zraka. Poremećaj je karakteriziran ponavljajućim prestankom ili smanjenjem protoka zraka i smanjenim radom centra za disanje.Te osobe imaju povećani rizik od kardiovaskularnih bolesti i mortaliteta. Dijagostika se temelji na polisomnografiji putem koje se određuje vrsta apneje i prema tome i pristup prema pacijentu i njegovoj terapiji. Terapija je individualizirana, no standard je CPAP - potpora disanju kontinuiranim pozitivnim tlakom. Ukoliko to ne pomogne koriste se i druge metode, sve u cilju poboljšanja bolesnikova stanja.Sleep apnoeainfluences the sleep architecture by accelerating changes of nonREM and REM stages of sleep. It interrupts sleep and consequentially patients develop daytime symptoms. It is a very common breathing disorder in sleep which can mostly be found at obese and older people. It is characterised with breathing stagnation during sleep, decreased oxyhemoglobin saturation and wakingduring night because of sensations such as lacking of air and inability of inhaling. The two types of apnoea are central and obstructive sleep apnoea, although both of them are clinically represented with the same symptoms. Symptoms are apnoea, hypopnoea, day symptoms like tiredness, sleepiness and lack of concentration, and signs during sleep like snoring and lack of air. Obstructive sleep apnoea is a common chronic disease that needs life-long therapy. It is very important to make diagnosis of OSA because those patients have increased risk for having weaker neurocognitive functions and other medical conditions, due to hypoxemia during sleep that lasts a few months or years. Central sleep apnoea is a disorder in which lack of air is the main symptom. It is characterized with repetitive termination or reduction of air flow and decreased function of respiratory centre. Those patients have increased risk from cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Diagnostics are based on polysomnography which determines the type of apnoea. Polysomnography determines the approach to the patient and to his therapy. Therapy is individualised, but standard in therapy is CPAP. If it doesn't help, there are other methods that can be used, all in purpose for improvingthepatient's condition