Knock Phenomena under Very Lean Conditions in Gasoline Powered SI-Engines

Homogeneous lean operation is a well-known strategy for enhancing the thermal efficiency of SI-engines. At higher load points the efficiency is often compromised by the need to suppress knock. Experiments were performed to determine the knock characteristics of SI engines using homogeneous lean operation at λ values of up to 1.8 with various hardware configurations that are commonly used to increase the lean limit. Changing λ altered the eigenfrequencies of the combustion chamber and the highest energy excitation mode. Increasing λ from 1.0 to 1.2 increased the knock tendency and led to an earlier knock onset. However, further increases in λ significantly reduced the knock tendency and retarded the knock onset. The knock signal energy increased for higher λ values and constant knock tendencies. The differences in knock characteristics between the various λ values became more pronounced upon raising the intake temperature from 40\ua0\ub0C to 90\ua0\ub0C. The trends in knock tendency and knock onset largely parallels that observed for engine out NOxemissions and thus the NOxconcentration in the internal EGR. The increased knock signal energy under lean conditions is partly attributed to the change in eigenfrequencies in the combustion chamber