A Human Factors Assessment of Mixed-mode Air Traffic Arrival and Approach Procedures

This study compares different air traffic arrival and approach procedures, based on different levels of flight deck automation, from a human factors per-spective. Real arrival routes and procedures at Gothenburg Landvetter Airport in Sweden have been used as case studies. The study is partly based on input from both pilots and air traffic controllers who regularly use the procedures. In addition, spe-cific aviation industry operational experience has been used. A number of human factors related top-ics have been identified, including changes to flight crew and air traffic controller roles and responsibili-ties, communication, workload, procedure predicta-bility and situational awareness. Recommendations for the inclusion of additional descent speed infor-mation in the ICAO flight plan and ground support tools for air traffic controllers are presented