Identification of wheel–rail contact forces based on strain measurements, an inverse scheme and a finite-element model of the wheel

The wheel–rail contact force is an essential parameter in many aspects in railway mechanics, for instance, in rollingcontact fatigue analysis. Since the wheel–rail contact force cannot be measured directly, instrumented wheelsets havebeen developed to collect the radial strains at certain positions on the wheel web. In this paper, an inverse method toestimate the wheel–rail contact force history based on strain measurements is discussed. In the proposed method,the contact force is determined by minimizing the least-squares discrepancy between measured radial strains andcorresponding computed strains from a three-dimensional finite-element model of the wheel. The inverse method iscompared with the existing method based on direct extraction of the contact force from combinations of measuredstrains using Wheatstone bridges. Using synthetic data, it is found that the proposed inverse method is insensitive to theeigenmodes of the wheel, as opposed to the existing method. In addition, noise reduction by using Tikhonov regularizationand by choosing proper sampling rates are discussed