Printed titanium-ceramic prosthetic work on dental implants

Titan i legure titana se već više od trideset godina koriste u dentalnoj medicini za izradu implantata i protetskih radova. Razlog tome su izvrsna mehanička svojstva, otpornost na koroziju te biokompatibilnosti kojima on može u potpunosti zamijeniti primjenu tradicionalnih slitina u modernoj stomatologiji. Unatoč navedenim prednostima titan ima i neke nedostatke kao što su niski modul elastičnosti, visoko talište, visoka reaktivnost taline s kisikom, nemogućnost ostvarivanja kvalitetne veze između osnovne konstrukcije iz titana i obložne keramike te komplicirani i skupi proizvodni proces. Zbog toga je bilo potrebno napraviti promjene u tehnologiji dobivanja i obradbe titana, poticanjem razvoj novih metoda. Daljnja klinička i laboratorijska istraživanja dovela su do nastanka poboljšane tehnologije izrade i ekonomičnosti primjene titana u stomatološkoj praksi. U suvremenoj stomatološkoj protetici postoje četiri različite tehnologije proizvodnje metalne osnovne konstrukcije iz titana i titanskih legura: lijevanje, glodanje, erozija iskrom i lasersko oblikovanje (metalurgija praha). Metalurgija praha čini sastavni dio moderne industrijske proizvodnje i sve više se primjenjuje u dentalnoj medicini za obradu titana, jer se na taj način zaobilaze i uklanjaju problemi vezani za njegovu proizvodnju. Napretkom i razvojem novih tehnologija osmišljen je 3D printer, tehnologija stvaranja fizičkih 3D objekata iz digitalnih podataka. Suvremena stomatologija prati razvoj najnovije tehnologije i primjenjuje ju u kliničkoj praksi, tako da se danas u izradi implantata i protetskih radova sve češće koristi metoda 3D printanja. Ona omogućava bržu, kvalitetniju i precizniju izradu te izradu složenijih protetskih radova.Titanium and titanium alloys have been used for more than thirty years in dental medicine for implant and prostodonthic threatment. The reason for this is excellent mechanical characteristics, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility which can completely replace the use of traditional alloys in modern dentistry. Despite the above-mentioned advantages, titanium has some shortcomings such as low modulus of elasticity, high melting point, the high reactivity of melts with oxygen, inability to obtain a high-quality bond between the basic structure of titanium and veneering ceramics and a complicated and expensive manufacturing process. Therefore, it was necessary to make changes in the technology of processing and treatment of titanium by encouraging the development and laboratory research of new methods. In modern dental prosthetics, there are four different technologies for the production of metal basic structures of titanium and titanium alloys: moulding, milling, spark erosion and laser shaping (powder metallurgy). Powder metallurgy is an integral part of the modern industrial production and is increasingly being applied in dental medicine for titanium processing because it avoids and eliminates problems related to its production. By advancing and developing new technologies, 3D printer, a technology for creating 3D physical objects from digital data, is designed. Contemporary dentistry follows the development of the latest technology and applies it to clinical practice, so today the use of the 3D printing method is increasingly used in implant and prosthetic works. It enables faster, more better and more precise production as well as more complex prostodonthic threatment