Application of beneficial bacteria in suppressing of pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in viticulture

Botrytis cinerea danas predstavlja jednu od najvažnijh bolesti koja uvelike smanjuje prinos, a problemi se nastavljaju i u procesu vinifikacije. Napada sve zelene dijelove, naročito ako je vlažna ili kišovita sezona. Naročito je opasna na kultivarima sa zbijenim grozdovima na kojima se pojavljuje karakteristična sivkasta prevlaka. Prezimljava stvarajući sklerocije, a dva najveća izvora sklerocija u vinogradu su prošlogodišnji grozdovi i stabljike koje su zaražene u jesen prethodne godine. Kemijsko suzbijanje ove gljivice se nije pokazalo naročito uspješno jer je Botrytis cinerea poznata po brzom razvoju rezistentnosti. Također, u svijetu raste potreba za ekološkim proizvodima, pa se u zaštiti sve više koriste korisni mikroorganizmi. Biološka kontrola, odnosno upotreba biopreparata, ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. U prednosti ubrajamo ekološku prihvatljivost, praktičnost, sigurnost, primjenjivost u integriranim sustavima zaštite bilja, u ekološkoj proizvodnji dovodi do smanjenja potrošnje kemijskih pesticida. Nedostatci se odnose na ograničen interes za uporabu, kompleksnu proizvodnju, slabiji učinak, nemogućnost eradikativnog djelovanja, uži krug djelovanja. U zaštiti vinove loze od Botrytis cinerea najčešće se koriste Trichoderma vrste, a najpoznatiji biopreparat je Trichodex WP. Bacillus spp. su bakterije koje proizvode snažne antifungalne spojeve i uspješno se koriste u vinogradarstvu. Pseudomonas fluorescens pomaže lozi da se zaštiti od gljivica, tako što stvara sekundarne metabolite kao što su antibiotici, vodikov cijanid i predstavlja dobru alternativu sintetičkim pesticidima. Preparati koji sadrže Thiobacillus spp. vrste pomažu lozi da aktivira mehanizam samoobrane na stres te stvaraju nepovoljnu mikroklimu za razvoj bolesti.Nowadays, Botrytis cinerea stands for one of the most important diseases that affect yield negatively, while problems in the process of vinification continue. It attacks the green parts of the plant, especially in humid or rainy seasons. It is especially dangerous on cultivars with dense grape clusters which appear with recognizable grey covering. It overwinters creating sclerotia, and the two biggest sources of sclerotia in a vineyard are last year’s grape clusters and stems that were infected last fall. Botrytis cinerea is known for its fast development of resistance, hence the chemical control of this fungus has not been successful. On the other hand, there is a great need for ecological products in agriculture and that is why helpful microorganisms are more and more in use. Biological control, i.e. the usage of bioproducts, has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are: environmental friendliness, practicality, safety, applicability in integrated plant protection systems, reduction of pesticide usage. The disadvantages are: low interest for usage, complex production, weaker effect, no eradicative activity. In grape vine protection from Botrytis cinerea, the most commonly used are Trichoderma spp, and the best known bioproducts is Trichodex WP. Bacillus spp. are bacteria which produce powerful antifungal compounds and they are successfully used in viticulture. Pseudomonas fluorescens can protect vine from fungi creating secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, hydrogen cyanide and it is a good alternative to synthetic pesticides. Products which contain Thiobacillus spp. help vine in activating self-defence mechanisms against stress and create hostile microclimate for disease development