Roman port installations in Istria and their archaeological context

U radu se donose podaci o rimskim lukama u istarskom priobalju, od ušća rijeke Dragonje do ušća rijeke Raše. Na osnovu dostupnih podataka obrađen je povijesni pregled spoznaja o lučkim uređajima u Istri. Najraniji podaci o antičkim lukama Istre potječu iz razdoblja kasne renesanse, dok najviše topografskih podataka saznajemo od sredine 20. st., kada se razvija samostalna ronilačka djelatnost. Iz recentnih istraživanja raspolažemo većom količinom podataka o lukama. Zahvaljujući mogućnosti korištenja zračnih fotografija, odnosno satelitskih snimaka, također su dobivene određene informacije o postojanju lučkih uređaja. U radu je prikazano funkcioniranje lučkog sustava, sumirano na osnovu objavljene literature. U kontekstu važnih trgovačkih luka na sjevernom Jadranu, prikazane su Tergeste i Aquileia koje su imale ključnu ulogu u formiranju plovidbenih putova duž istarske obale. U radu se donosi topografski pregled za 51 antičku luku na području hrvatske Istre. Slijedom raspoloživih arheoloških podataka donosi se pregled lučkih uređaja na 11 lokaliteta koji su pripadali dijelu tergestinskog agera, 10 lokaliteta na obali parentinskog agera te za 30 lokaliteta na području pulskog agera. Raspored, gustoća i sistematizacija lokaliteta s navedenim hijerarhijskim značajkama, pokazatelji su društveno-ekonomske uloge luke na regionalnom obalnom području. Hijerahija luka predstavlja pokušaj klasifikacije na osnovu specifične ekonomske aktivnosti. Nalazi rimskih lučkih uređaja na istarskoj obali, zbog svoje ekonomske važnosti na određenom mikrogeografskom području, predstavljaju punktove preko kojih su se distribuirali određeni gospodarski proizvodi. Na osnovu tipologije koja je već prije predložena za luke u Istri te slijedom svih prikupljenih raspoloživih arheoloških podataka, rimske luke istarskog priobalja se, sukladno predloženoj podjeli, prema ekonomskoj komponenti, mogu podijeliti na: glavne luke (kolonijalne luke), sekundarne luke (luke municipija i luke aglomeracija naselja), luke vila i luke vezane uz pojedine proizvodne komplekse. Lučki uređaji u Istri se dijele na lučku infrastrukturu (lukobrani, valobrani, mulovi, operativna obala) i lučku suprastrukturu (skladišta, signalni tornjevi). Pojedini lučki uređaji su u recentno vrijeme korišteni kao arheološki pokazatelji tijekom pokušaja rekonstrukcije promjene razine mora te se stoga u radu donosi prikaz geomorfoloških mjerenja i metodologije koja pruža cjelovitije podatke o izgledu određene luke i okolnog krajolika u antici.This paper provides data regarding Roman ports on the Istria foreshores, from the mouth of the Dragonja River to the mouth of the Raša River. Based on available data, a historical overview of information regarding the port facilities in Istria was analysed. The earliest data regarding ancient Istrian ports date from the late Renaissance period, while most of the topographic data was ascertained from the mid 20th Century onwards with the development of independent diving activities. Recent research has uncovered a large amount of data regarding ports. Certain information regarding the existence of port facilities was obtained with the assistance of aerial photographs, as well as satellite images. The dissertation deals with the functioning of port systems, which is summarized according to the published literature. In the context of important trade ports in the northern Adriatic, the ports of Tergeste and Aquileia are presented as they had a key role in the northern Adriatic region in the formation of navigational routes along the Istrian coast.The paper presents a topographic overview of 51 ancient ports from the geographical region of Istria. In accordance with the available archaeological data, an overview of port facilities from 11 sites that belonged to part of the Tergestine ager, 10 sites in the Parentine ager, and 30 sites in the Pula ager are presented. The layout, density and systematisation of the sites with the above mentioned hierarchical features are indicators of the socio-economic role of a port in the regional coastal area. Port hierarchy is an attempt at classification on the basis of specific economic activities. The Roman port facilities on the Istrian coast, due to their economic importance in a particular micro geographic area, represent points through which certain economic products were distributed. On the basis of the previously proposed typology for ports in Istria and in accordance with all the available collected archaeological data, Roman ports on the Istrian coast, in line with the proposed division, according to the economic component, can be divided into: main ports (colonial ports), secondary ports (municipal ports and settlement agglomeration ports), villa ports and ports connected to specific manufacturing complexes. The port facilities in Istria are divided into port infrastructure (breakwater, sewall, pier, operative wharf) and port suprastucture (warehouses, lighthouses). Certain port facilities have in recent times been used as archaeological indicators in an attempt to reconstruct changes in the sea level and, as such, the paper also presents an overview of geomorphologic measurements and methodology which offer overall information regarding the appearance of ports and the surrounding landscape in ancient times