Truffles in the lowland forests area in a part of Podravina and the possibilities of their artificial cultivation OT

U radu je istraživano postojanje tartufa na prirodnim nalazištima na području šumarija Repaš, Đurđevac i Kloštar Podravski u šumskim sastojinama hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba. Utvrđene su dvije vrste crnih tartufa, fizikalna i kemijska svojstava tla na mjestu pronalaska tartufa te mogućnosti umjetnog razvoja tartufa kroz osnivanje plantaže tartufa. Utvrđivanje postojanja tartufa je provedeno uz pomoć dresiranih pasa pasmine Lagotto romagnolo, vrste tartufa su utvrđene mikroskopskom analizom, a analiza tla laboratorijskom analizom. Istraživanje je provedeno u gospodarskim jedinicama Repaš – Gabajeva Greda, Đurđevačke nizinske šume i Svibovica. U laboratoriju i novo osnovanoj plantaži tartufa istraživanjem je utvrđeno postojanje tartufa u prirodnim nalazištima na području šumarije Repaš, Đurđevac i Kloštar Podravski u šumskim zajednicama hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba (Carpino betuli – Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938). Utvrđena su ukupno 23 plodna tijela tartufa. Prema makroskopskim i mikroskopskim morfološkim obilježjima njih 22 najsličnija su bila vrsti crni zimski tartuf (Tuber brumale) iako pojedina plodišta imaju određene karakteristike vrste crijevoliki tartuf (Tuber mesentericum). A 1 plodno tijelo najsličnije je bilo vrsti velikosporni tartuf (Tuber macrosporum). Plodna tijela pronađena su u površinskom horizontu tla do dubine od nekoliko centimetara. Velikosporni tartuf (Tuber macrosporum) se javlja na staništima vrlo sličnim staništima velikog bijelog tartufa (Tuber magnatum) odnosno uspostavlja simbiozu sa istim vrstama drveća, pa se može pretpostaviti da na području Podravine uz rijeku Dravu postoje i staništa velikog bijelog tartufa (Tuber magnatum). Analizom varijance nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika srednjih vrijednosti niti za jedan fizikalno – kemijski parametar tla na mjestu pronalaska crnog tartufa (Tuber spp.) između analiziranih šumarija, na mjestima pronalaska tartufa. Fizikalno – kemijski parametri pH (H2O), pH (KCl), NH3 i suha tvar za sve tri šumarije su imali najmanju varijabilnost. Vrijednosti pH (H2O) i pH (KCl) uzoraka tla gdje su utvrđena plodna tijela crnog tartufa (Tuber spp.) u ovom istraživanju bile su slična pH vrijednostima dobivenim u drugim istraživanjima. Plantaže tartufa trebaju se osnivati prvenstveno na prirodnim šumskim staništima. Kod osnivanja umjetnih plantaža tartufa važna je dobra mehanička priprema tla, kemijska priprema tla te zaštita od negativnog utjecaja štetnih organizama. Zatim je važna upotreba certificiranih inokuliranih sadnica, pravilan odabir biljnih simbionata te pravilan prostorni raspored inokuliranog sadnog materijala unutar plantaže. Prvi urod vrste Tuber aestivum na vrstama iz roda hrastova prema iskustvima iz svijeta može se očekivati u razdoblju od 6 do 8 godina, a ukoliko tada ne đođe do uroda razlozi mogu biti u lošoj kvaliteti sadnog materijala odnosno utjecaju micelija konkurentskih gljiva na micelij tartufa. U radu je potvrđena glavna hipoteza da su u šumskim zajednicama hrasta lužnjaka i običnoga graba na području šumarije Repaš, Đurđevac i Kloštar Podravski prisutna plodna tijela vrsta iz roda Tuber, da nema razlike u fizikalno-kemijskim obilježjima tla između šumarija te da se plodna tijela tartufa na osnovanoj plantaži nisu razvila u vremenskom razdoblju od 3 do 4 godine od osnivanja plantaže jer se prema dosadašnjim iskustvima prvi urod vrste Tuber aestivum na hrastu lužnjaku (Quercus robur) može očekivati u razdoblju od 6 do 8 godina.This paper investigates the existence of truffles on natural sites of forest districts Repas, Durdevac and Klostar Podravski in the forest stands of common oak and hornbeam. Two types of black truffles were identified, the physical and chemical properties of the soil at the site of finding truffles and the possibility of artificial development of truffles through the establishment of truffle plantations. Determination of the presence of truffles was carried out with the help of trained dogs, whose breed is Lagotto Romagnolo, the truffle types were determined by microscopic analysis while soil analysis was determined by laboratory analysis. The research was conducted in the managment units of Repas - Gabajeva Greda, Durdevacke nizinske sume and Svibovica. In the laboratory and the newly established truffle plantation, the presence of truffles was established in the natural sites of of forest districts Repas, Durdevac and Klostar Podravski in the forest stands of common oak and hornbeam (Carpino betuli - Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938). A total of 23 fertile truffles were found. According to macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics, 22 of them were the most similar to the type of black winter truffle (Tuber brumale) although some plants have certain characteristics of the type Bagnoli truffle (Tuber mesentericum). The most fertile body was the type of large-sized truffle (Tuber macrosporum). Fertile bodies were found in the surface horizon of the ground to a depth of several centimeters. Tuber macrosporum is found in habitats very similar to those of large white truffles (Tuber magnatum), that is, it establishes symbiosis with the same species of trees, so it can be assumed that there are also large white truffle tubers (Tuber magnatum) in the Podravina area along the river Drava. No statistically significant difference has been established in mean value or a physico - chemical parameter of the soil at the site of the finding of the black truffle (Tuber spp.) between the analyzed forests. The physico - chemical parameters pH (H2O), pH (KCl), NH3 and dry matter for all of the three forestries had the lowest variability. The pH (H2O) and pH (KCl) values of soil samples where the black truffles were found (Tuber spp.) in this study were similar to the pH values obtained in other studies. Truffle plantations should be established primarily on natural forest habitats. When establishing artificial plantations of truffles, good mechanical preparation of soil, chemical preparation of soil and protection from negative impacts of harmful organisms is important. It is then important to use certified inoculated seedlings, proper selection of plant symbionates and proper spatial distribution of inoculated plant material within the plantation. The first harvest of the species Tuber aestivum on oak species according to world experiences can be expected in the period of 6 to 8 years, the reasons as to why it may fail to occur include poor quality of planting material, i.e. the influence of micelles of competing fungi on mycelium of the truffles. The main thesis hypothesis has been confirmed that in the forest communities of oak and plaice oak in Repaš, Đurđevac and Kloštar Podravski forestry, species of Tuber genus are present, that there is no difference between the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil between the forestries and that the fertile bodies of the truffles in the established plantation did not develop in the period of 3 to 4 years following the founding of the plantation, because according to previous experiences the first harvest of the species Tuber aestivum on common oak (Quercus robur) can be expected in the period of 6 to 8 years