Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of whitening toothpastes on oral mucosa cells

Cilj istraživanja: Ispitati postoji li razlika u učestalosti mikronukleusa i drugih jezgrinih anomalija kod ispitanika pri korištenju zubnih pasta bez i s učinkom izbjeljivanja. Materijali i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na Medicinskom fakultetu u Splitu u trajanju od četiri mjeseca. Sudjelovalo je 30 zdravih studenata Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu, koji su potpisali suglasnost za sudjelovanje. Svakom je ispitaniku uzet bris oralne sluznice citološkom četkicom neposredno prije korištenja zubnih pasti te nakon 30, 60, 90 i 120 dana. Ispitanici su koristili dva mjeseca zubnu pastu bez učinka izbjeljivanja, a zatim dva mjeseca zubnu pastu s učinkom za izbjeljivanje. Uzeti bris se nanosio na predmetno stakalce te se uzorak adekvatno pripremio za analiziranje mjera genotoksičnosti i citotoksičnosti u stanicama u kojima je utvrđen broj mikronukleusa i drugih morfoloških promjena jezgre (mikronukleus test) na svjetlosnom mikroskopu. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali značajno veći broj stanica s mikronukleusom u periodu od 90 dana, čije su se vrijednosti vratile na kontrolne poslije 120 dana (prijašnju upotrebu testiranih pasti). Rezultati nisu otkrili razlike između korištenja različitih zubnih pasti za vrijeme istog perioda korištenja. Zaključak: Na osnovu rezultata možemo zaključiti kako uporaba pasti za zube sa učinkom izbjeljivanja, u usporedbi s konvencionalnim pastama, uzrokuje određena stanična oštećenja ali ne kroz duže vrijeme. Promatrani efekti nisu indicirani kao biološki značajni.Objectives: To examine whether there is a difference in the frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in the subjects that are using conventional and whitening toothpastes. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the School of Medicine in Split, and lasted for 4 months. The study included 30 healthy medical students from University of Split who signed the agreement to participate. Each subject's oral mucosa was wiped with cytology brush directly before using the toothpastes, and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Subjects used conventional toothpaste for 2 months and then whitening toothpaste for other 2 months. Wiped cells were inflicted on a glass slide and then the sample was adequately prepared for analysis of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity measures in the cells in which the number of micronuclei and other morphological changes of the nucleus (micronucleus assay) is established. It was done with luminous microscope. Results: The results showed significantly higher number of cells with micronuclei within period of 90 days, who returned to control values after 120 days (prior use of tested toothpastes) . Results did not reveal any difference between different toothpaste for the same duration of use. Conclusion: Based on the results, we can conclude that the use of whitening toothpastes causes certain cellular damage compared to conventional toothpastes, but not for long time. Observed effects could not be indicated as biologically relevant