Morfološke, motoričke i tehničke determinante borbene uspješnosti kod hrvatskih karatista kadetskih dobnih skupina : doktorska disertacija

Istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja razlika između različite kvalitete i težinskih skupina karatista/ica u morfološkim karakteristikama, bazično i specifično motoričkim sposobnostima i tehničkoj uspješnosti u odnosu na borbenu uspješnost. Uzorak ispitanika za ovo istraživanje sačinjava skup od 206 najboljih karatista/ica kadeta/kinja u Republici Hrvatskoj dobi 14 do 16 godina, natjecatelja u kumiteu. Nadalje uzorak se dijelio na 105 karatista i 101 karatisticu, te prema njihovoj natjecateljskoj kvaliteti na kvalitetne i manje kvalitetne karatiste/ice obzirom na niže i više težinske kategorije. Kod karatista njih 57 pripadalo je nižim težinskim skupinama, a 48 višim težinskim skupinama, dok kod karatistica njih 55 pripadalo je nižim težinskim kategorijama, a 46 ih je pripadalo višim težinskim kategorijama. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja primjenjeno je 10 morfoloških mjera za izračun konstitucijskih tipova, 15 motoričkih testova (10 testova bazične i 5 testova specifične motorike), 6 tehnika (3 pojedinačne i 3 kombinirane) prema kojima je izvršena procjena tehničke efikasnosti i procjena borbene uspješnosti putem njihovih plasmana. Temeljem koeficijenata diskriminacije i diskriminativnih funkcija za pojedini antropološki prostor (morfološki, bazični i specifični motorički prostor, te kvaliteti izvedbe tehnika) može se zaključiti da svi primarni faktori motorike diferenciraju karatiste veće kvalitete od karatista manje kvalitete. Kod muškog spola dominantno utječe tehnička efikasnost (tehničko znanje) i motorička efikasnost (motorički faktor), a manje faktori specifične efikasnosti (faktor specifične agilnosti i faktor specifične sposobnosti u brzini realizacije tehnike). Diskriminativna funkcija pokazuje kako su karatisti veće kvalitete više ektomezomorfni i sa znatno manje masnog tkiva. Na uspjeh u borbi, to jest na borbenu efikasnost, najviše i dominantno utječe znanje i/ili usvojenost tehnike (tehnička efikasnost) koje je znatno saturirano sa bazičnim i specifičnim motoričkim sposobnostima. Dakle optimalni suodnos kvalitete izvedbe karate tehnika, te razine bazičnih i specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti u najvećoj mjeri determinira borbenu efikasnost mladih karatista. Također, temeljem koeficijenata diskriminacije i diskriminativnih funkcija za pojedini antropološki prostor (morfološki, bazični i specifični motorički prostor, te kvaliteti izvedbe tehnika) može se zaključiti da svaki od analiziranih prostora izuzev morfološkog u podjednakoj mjeri doprinosi borbenoj efikasnosti mladih karatistica. Na uspjeh u borbi to jest na borbenu efikasnost najviše i dominantno utječe integracija bazičnih i specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i kvaliteta izvedbe karate tehnike (tehnička efikasnost). Dakle optimalni suodnos razine bazičnih i specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i kvalitete izvedbe, to jest usvojenost karate tehnike u najvećoj mjeri determinira borbenu efikasnost mladih karatistica. Očigledno razvojni procesi sami po sebi i trenažni procesi posebno dovode do formiranja optimalnog antropološkog sklopa vrhunskih-kvalitetnih karatistica. Diskriminativne funkcije po prostorima ukazuju na faze u formiranju kvalitete u muškom i ženskom karateu, to jest razvoj subsegmenata antropološkog sklopa u predikciji borbene efikasnosti karatista kadetskog uzrasta. Dakle interakcijski i/ili dvosmjerni utjecaji razvoja biomotoričkih faktora na razvoj specifičnih sposobnosti i znanja. Temeljem dobivenih informacija ostaje stručnjacima – trenerima da izrade modele trenažnih postupaka i procesa usmjerenih u formiranju kvalitetnih karatista.The research was conducted with the aim of determining the differences in morphological characteristics, basic and specific motor abilities and karate techniques in relation to the fighting efficiency. The sample of examinees in this research consisted of 206 Croatian elite cadet karate athletes, aged 14 to 16 years, kumite contestants. Further on, the sample was divided into 105 male and 101 female karate athletes, and according to their competitive quality, into karate athletes of higher or lower quality, regarding the lower and higher weight categories. In the male sample 57 athletes was in the lower weight groups, while 48 athletes was in higher weight groups. In the female sample, 55 athletes were in the lower weight categories, while 46 athletes were in the higher weight categories. Ten morphological measures for calculation of constitutional types was applied in this research, as well as 15 motor tests (10 tests of basic and 5 tests of specific motor skills), 6 techniques (3 individual and 3 combined), used in the technical efficiency and fight efficiency evaluation, according to their placement. Based on the discrimination coefficients and discriminative functions for the certain anthropological area (morphological, basic and specific motor area, and the technique performance quality) a conclusion can be made that all the primary motor factors differentiate higher quality karate athletes from those of lower quality. In male gender the influence of technical efficiency was dominant (technical knowledge) and motor efficiency (motor factor), while factors of specific efficiency (specific agility factor and specific ability factor in the technique realization speed) had less influence. The discriminative function showed that the karate athletes of higher quality were more often ectomesomorph with considerably less fat tissue. Fight success, that is, fight efficiency, was mostly and dominantly influenced by knowledge and/or technique adoption (technique efficiency), which was significantly saturated with basic and specific motor abilities. Therefore, the optimum correlation of karate technique performance quality, and the level of basic and specific motor abilities greatly determined the fight efficiency in young karate athletes. Also, based on the discrimination coefficient and discriminative functions for individual anthropological areas (morphological, basic and specific motor area, and technique performance quality) a conclusion can be made that every analyzed area, except for the morphological, equally contributed to the fight efficiency of young female karate athletes. Fight success, that is, fight efficiency, was mostly and dominantly influenced by the integration of basic and specific motor abilities and karate technique performance quality (technical efficiency). Therefore, the optimum correlation of the level of basic and specific motor abilities and performance quality, that is, karate technique adoption, greatly determined the fight efficiency of young female karate athletes. Obviously, the development processes by themselves and training processes separately lead towards forming the optimum anthropological set of elite-high quality female karate athletes. The discriminative functions of the areas showed the phases of forming the quality in male and female karate athletes, that is, the development of subsegments of anthropological set in the prediction of fight efficiency of cadet karate athletes. Therefore, the interaction and/or two-way influences of biomotor factors development on the development of specific abilities and knowledge. Based on the obtained information the experts – coaches should develop the models of training processes directed towards forming high-quality karate athletes