IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM AND PREVENTIVE NURSING ACTIONS

Cilj: Provedeno istraživanje ima za cilj istražiti: postoje li rizični faktori na koje bi medicinska sestra mogla preventivno djelovati u suzbijanju razvoja kroničnog alkoholizma. Istraživanjem se želi utvrditi: koji su rizični faktori za razvoj alkoholizma kod ispitanika; koja je rizična dob za razvoj štetne navike pijenja; s kim ispitanici počinju piti i koji su motivi pijenja; koji je motiv odvikavanja i liječenja; zdravstveni status ispitanika. Specifični cilj ovog istraživanje je otkriti koja je dob najrizičnija za razvoj navike pijenja i koji su najčešći motivi za odvikavanje i liječenje kako bi medicinske sestre mogle provoditi preventivno motivacijsko tretiranje za rizične skupine. Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na slučajnom uzorku među korisnicima usluge klubova i udruga koje se bave primarnom, sekundarnom i tercijarnom prevencijom i izvanbolničkim tretmanom osoba oboljelih od kroničnog alkoholizma: Klub liječenih alkoholičara Split u svibnju 2014. godine. Sudjelovanje ispitanika je bilo dobrovoljno uz jamčenu anonimnost. Sudjelovalo je 61 ispitanik, različite životne dobi i spola. Prikupljeni podatci iz upitnika uneseni su u Microsoft Excel tablice prema unaprijed pripremljenom kodnom planu. Za obradu je korištena deskriptivna statistika. Rezultati: Među ispitanicima bili su zastupljeniji muškarci (N=40) od žena (N=16). Najzastupljenija dobna kategorija ispitanika je od 41-50 godina života. Najveći broj ispitanika (N=26) sebe vidi kao otvorenu osobu, ekstrovertiranu, dušu svake zabave, 13 ispitanika se opisuje kao druželjubive osobe, dok po 10 ispitanika sebe vide kao zatvorene, suzdržane ili tužne i zabrinute osobe. Svakodnevna konzumacija alkoholnih napitaka zastupljena je najviše kod očeva (N=32), a rjeđe od strane majke (N=8). Ukupno 53% ispitanika je počelo konzumirati alkohol u društvu, s prijateljima. Najveći broj ispitanika je konzumacijom alkohola počeo iz dosade (N=20). Ukupno 14 ispitanika je u alkoholu težilo „bijeg od problema“. Ukupno 49% ispitanika najrađe konzumira pivo, 29% ispitanika konzumira žestoke alkoholne napitke, dok najmanji broj ispitanika (22%) konzumira vino. Ukupno 33 ispitanika nije odgovorilo na pitanje s koliko godina su izgubili kontrolu nad unosom alkoholnih napitaka. Najveći udio ispitanika (N=9) je u dobnoj kategoriji od 35 do 44 godine života. Ukupno 11 ispitanika je krenulo na liječenje u dobnoj kategoriji od 35-44. Ukupno 17 ispitanika je ponovno počelo piti nakon gubitka posla. Osjećaj tuge je bio povod za pijenje kod 6 ispitanika. Potporu u liječenju alkoholizma ispitanici u 59% slučajeva imaju od obitelji. Ukupno 14 ispitanika je razvilo neko oboljenje u svezi s konzumacijom alkohola. Zaključci: Najprisutniji rizični faktor za razvoj alkoholizma kod ispitanika je bio obiteljsko konzumiranje alkohola. Naime, U 80% slučajeva alkohol su konzumirali roditelji ispitanika te je čak 11% ispitanika alkohol i počelo konzumirati s članovima obitelji. Ukupno 66% ispitanika sebe opisuje kao otvorene, druželjubive osobe koje su duša svake zabave. Među ispitanicima koji konzumiraju alkohol, najzastupljenija dobna skupina ispitanika je između 35 i 44 godine života, međutim, statistički je značajno da trećina ispitanika nije odgovorila na pitanje. Ispitanici su najčešće počeli piti u društvu (53%) iz dosade ili su tražili bijeg od problema. Prekid apstinencije najčešće se dogodio zbog gubitka posla. Podrška obitelji (59%) je najvažnija motivacija kod ispitanika za liječenje i apstinenciju. Ukupno 21% ispitanik je razvio neko oboljenje kao posljedicu prekomjernog konzumiranja alkohola. Istraživanje je napravljeno na malom broju ispitanika i trebalo bi ga napraviti u suradnji sa svim KLA u RH kako bi se mogao donijeti konačni zaključak uz identificiranje svih kritičnih čimbenika. Određivanje visokorizičnih skupina za razvoj problema alkoholne ovisnosti, unaprijedili bi kvalitetu primarne prevencije te bi medicinskim sestrama omogućili profesionalno usavršavanje, praćenje pojavnosti, suzbijanje rizičnih faktora te izradu znanstvenih radova.Introduction and Aim: This research aims to explore: whether there are risk factors on which nurse could work preventively in suppressing development of chronic alcoholism. The research seeks to determine: which are the risk factors for development of alcoholism among respondents; which is the most riskiest age for developing harmful drinking habits; with whom respondents start to drink and which are the motives for drinking; what is motive for withdrawal and medical treatment; currently health status of respondents. Specific objective of this research is to discover which age has the greatest risk for developing drinking habits and what are their motives for rehab and medical treatment so nurses could conduct preventive motivational treatment for high-risk groups. Material and methods: The research was conducted on a random sample among the service users of service clubs and associations working with the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and outpatient treatment of persons suffering from chronic alcoholism; Club of Treated Alcoholics Split in May 2014. Participation of respondents was voluntarily with the guaranteed anonymity. The study included 61 subjects of various ages and gender. Collected data from questionnaire was inserted into Microsoft Excel sheets by previously prepared code level. In process it was used descriptive statistic. Results: Among the respondents there were more men (N=40) than women (N=16). Most common age category of respondents is from 41 to 50 years. Largest number of respondents (N=26) sees themselfs as open, extroverted persons, the souls of every party, 13 respondents described themselves as a friendly persons, while 10 respondents see themselves as closed, restrained or sad and worried persons. Daily consumption of alcoholic beverages is represented mostly in fathers (N=32), and less often by mothers (N=8). A total of 53% of the respondents started drinking alcohol in society with friends. Largest number of respondents started consuming alcohol because of boredom (N=20). A total of 14 respondents seeked for „escape from problems“ in alcohol consumption. A total of 49% respondents prefered to consume beer, 29% of respondents consumed high volume alcoholic beverages, while the lowest number of respondents (22%) consumed wine. A total of 33 respondents did not answer the question in which age did they lose control over the intake of alcoholic beverages. The largest percentage of respondents (N=9) is in the age group from 35-44 years of age. A total of 17 respondents started to drink again after losing their jobs. The felling of sadness was the reason for drinking in 6 respondents. In 59% of cases, respondents had family support during treatment of alcoholism. A total od 14 patients developes some kind of disease related to alcohol consumption. Conclusion: The most frequent risk factor for the development of alcoholism among respondents was domestic consumption of alcohol. Specifically, in 80% cases, alcohol was consumed by parents of the respondents and even 11% of respondents began to drink alcohol with family members. Totally 66% of respondents described themselves as open, friendly people who are the souls of any party. Among the respondents who consumed alcohol, the most common age group of respondents was between 35 and 44 years of age, however, it is statistically significant that a third of the respondents did not answer this question. Respondents frequently started to drink in the company (53%) out of boreness, or they were looking for an escape from problems. Interruption of abstinence usually occurs due to lossing job. Support of the family (59%) is the most important motivation for patients in the treatment and abstinence. A total of 21% of subjects developed some kind of disease as a result of excessive alcohol consumption. The research was made on a small number of respondents and should be done in cooperation with all Club of Treated Alcoholics in Croatia, to be able to make the final conclusion, with the identification of all critical factors. Determination of the high risk groups for developing problems of alcohol addiction, would improve the quality of primary prevention and would enable nurses the professional training, monitoring the incidence, prevention of risk factors and the development of scientific articles