Spolno prenosive bolesti

Spolno prenosive bolesti su zarazne bolesti koje se prenose različitim oblicima spolnog kontakta s jednog partnera na drugog. Procjenjuje se da više od 400 milijuna osoba godišnje se zarazi nekom od spolno prenosivih infekcija. Rizična populacija su adolescenti, žene u reproduktivnoj dobi i novorođenčad zaraženih majki. Klasične spolno prenosive bolesti, gonoreja i sifilis, danas su po učestalosti zamijenjene virusnim i klamidijskim infekcijama. Spolno prenosive bolesti su od velikog zdravstvenog značaja. Infekcija tipovima HPV-a visokog onkogenog potencijala je predisponirajući čimbenik za razvoj premalignih promjena i karcinoma vrata maternice. HSV tipa 2 je visoko kontagiozan te uzrokuje većinu genitalnih infekcija. HIV uzrokuje bolest koja predstavlja kronični progresivni proces koji počinje ulaskom virusa u krvotok te tijekom vremena dovodi do stanja potpuno uništenog imunosnog sustava. AIDS je sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije uzrokovan virusom HIV-a. Virusni hepatitisi B i C uzrokuje akutnu i kroničnu upalu jetre, a iz kronične faze se može razviti ciroza i hepatocelularni karcinom. Chlamydia trachomatis je najčešća spolno prenosiva bakterija koja se najčešće manifestira mukopurulentnim cervicitisom i uretritisom. Treponema pallidum je uzročnik sifilisa koji dijelimo na primarni, sekundarni i tercijarni stadij. Gonoreja je rijetka spolno prenosiva bolest koja se manifestira cervicitisom i uretritisom. Trichomonas vaginalis je među češćim uzročnicima vulvovaginitisa. Zdjelična upalna bolest nastaje ascendentnim širenjem uzročnika iz donjih dijelova spolnog sustava. Kasne komplikacije PID-a su ektopična trudnoća, kronična zdjelična bol i neplodnost. Najbolja metoda kontrole ove skupine bolesti je prevencija edukacijom o spolno prenosivim bolestima, odgovornim seksualnim ponašanjem, detekcijom asimptomatskih bolesnika i vakcinacija. Prevencija treba biti integralni dio sveobuhvatnog sustava zdravstvenih službi usmjerenih spolnom i reproduktivnom zdravlju.Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are contagious diseases which are transmitted from one partner to the other through various forms of sexual contact. It is estimated that more than 400 million people per year get infected by some sexually transmitted disease. The high-risk population consists of adolescents, women of reproductive age and infants born to infected mothers. Classic STDs like gonorrhea and syphilis are less frequent today than viral and chlamydial diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases are of high medical significance. HPV infections of high oncogenic potential are high-risk factors for the development of premalignant changes and cervical carcinoma. HSV type 2 is highly contagious and causes most genital infections. HIV causes a disease which represents a chronic progressive process and starts with the entrance of the virus into the bloodstream and in time leads to a completely destroyed immune system. AIDS is an aquired immune deficiency syndrome which is caused by the HIV virus. The hepatitis B and C viruses causes accute and chronic inflammation of the liver and the chronic stage can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent sexually transmitted bacterium which is mostly manifested as mucopurulet cervicitis or urethritis. Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis and is divided into the primary, secondary and tertiary stage. Gonorrhea is a rare sexually transmitted disease which is manifested as cervicitis or urethritis. Trichomonas vaginalis is among the most frequent causative agents of vulvovaginitis. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can occur due to the ascending spread of micro-organisms from the lower parts of the reproductive system. Later complications of PID are ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain and infertility. The best method for controlling this group of diseases is prevention through education about sexually transmitted diseases, responsible sexual behaviour, detection of asymptomatic patients and vaccinations. Prevention should be an integral part of a comprehensive system of health care services focused on the sexual and reproductive health