Motorways of the sea system models in function of intermodal transport development

Promet, pogotovo cestovni prijevoz kao jedan od načina, ali dominantni način prijevoza, uzrokuje negativan utjecaj na okoliš i društvo. Očituje se kroz učestala prometna zagušenja, povećani rizik od prometnih nezgoda, povećanu razinu buke, povećani stres svih sudionika i društva općenito, velike količine ispušnih plinova što prijevozna sredstva direktno ispuštaju u okoliš te one koje su ispuštene u procesu proizvodnje pogonskog goriva. Pomorske prometnice su pomorski servisi integrirani u logistički lanac koristeći održive, redovite, učestale, visokokvalitetne i pouzdane veze. Pomorske prometnice praktičan su primjer definicije kombiniranog (održivog) prijevoza. Radi se o prijevozu intermodalnim načinom gdje je pomorski dio veći dio puta. Sustav pomorskih prometnica ne zahtijeva značajne infrastrukturne investicije u lukama, ali se za uspješnost servisa podrazumijeva izvrsna integracija s ostalim načinima prijevoza, u prvom redu željeznicom i cestom. Činjenica da se u luci događa interakcija s različitim načinima prijevoza, čini luku važnom karikom u formiranju konkurentnosti sustava pomorskih prometnica. Jednako je bitna komunikacija i protočnost interakcije s brodom, željezničkim ili cestovnim sustavom jer ukoliko samo jedna veza nije besprijekorna, to se prenosi na pouzdanost i kvalitetu ukunog sustava i servisa. To je kriterij gdje veliku važnost nose i vanjski čimbenici poput željezničkih i pomorskih operatera. U odnosu na trenutni model funkcioniranja prometnog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj, gdje je razvoj lučkog i gravitacijskog prometnog sustava prepušten svakoj luci samostalno (šest samostalnih luka), te gdje ne postoji sustavno specijaliziranje svake luke ili pravca, rezultati analize su poražavajući. Oni svjedoče da je trenutni model implementacije pomorskih prometnica potpuno neprimjereni i da ne postoji niti jedan element koji bi opravdao njegovo zadržavanje. Analiza upućuje na zaključak da se znanstvenim pristupom koji uključuje identifikaciju svih relevantnih čimbenika, analizu stanja cjelokupne prometne infrastrukture te identifikacijom kriterija koji utjecu na funkcioniranje sustava pomorskih prometnica, može sigurno i točno odrediti koji je model optimalan za uvođenje održivog sustava pomorskih prometnica, ali i ocjenu postojećeg modela. Iz analize utjecaja svakog od kriterija zasebno, te svih kombinacija, može se zaključiti da se kod implementacije održivog sustava na primjeru prometnog sustava Republike Hrvatske mogu izdvojiti dva scenarija (modela) kao optimalni izbor. Radi se o modelima dvije luke i regionalno grupiranih luka. Koji od modela odabrati, ovisi o čijoj se inicijativi radi (država ili privatni prijevoznicki operateri) i da li postoji zajednički pristup kod razvoja.Transport, especially road transport as one of the modes and a dominant one, has a negative impact on the environment and the society. This is manifested through frequent transport congestions, increased risk of accidents, increased noise levels, increased stress for all stakeholders and the society in general, large amounts of exhaust gas from that is emitted directly into the environment and fumes discha in the process of motor fuel production. Motorways of the Sea are maritime services integrated n the door-to-door logistic chain by using sustainable, regular, frequent, high-quality and reliable short sea shipping connections. Motorways of the Sea are a practical example of the definition for a combined (sustainable) transport. It is intermodal transport mode where maritime transport covers the largest part of the route. Motorways of the Sea system does not require significant infrastructure investments in ports, but success of the service presupposes excellen integration with other transport modes, notably rail and road. The fact that interaction with various transport modes kes place in a port, makes the port a significant factor in the formation of a competitive Motorways of the Sea system. Equally important is the communication and the flow of interaction with a ship, railway or road system because if only one link is not impeccable, it will be reflected in the reliability and quality of the entire system and service. It is a criterion where the great importance lies with external factors such as railway and maritime operators. In relation to the current model of the transport system functioning in the Republic of Croatia where development of port and gravity transport system is left for each port independently (six individual ports), and where systematic specialization of each port and route does not exist, the results of an analysis are devastating. The results testify that current model of the Motorways of the Sea implementation is entirely inappropriate and there is no element that would justify its retention. Analysis implies that scientific approach which includes ide of all relevant factors, state of the art analysis of entire transport infrastructure and identification of criteria which affect the functioning of the Motorways of the Sea system, can safely and accurately determine which model is optimal for the introduction of sustainable Motorways of the Sea system and can determine the evaluation of the current model. From th analysis of each individual criteria and all the combinations, it may be concluded that two scenarios (models) may be recognized as optimal choices for the implementation of a sustainable system on the example of the transport system of the Republic of Croatia. These two models are: a model of two ports and a model with regionally grouped ports. Which model to choose depends upon whose initiative is in question (state or private transport operators) and if there is a common approach to development