THE PIETY OF THE DENIZENS OF THE COMMUNE OF RAB IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Dalmatinske oporuke neizostavni su izvor za proučavanje pobožnosti, materijalne kulture i svakodnevnoga života stanovništva srednjovjekovnih i ranonovovjekovnih istočnojadranskih komuna. Na odluku o proučavanju pojedinih aspekata pobožnosti stanovništva rapske komune u drugoj polovici XVI. stoljeća, koja se temelji na istraživanju posljednjih volja i drugih rapskih bilježničkih dokumenata, prvenstveno je utjecala činjenica što je arhivska notarska građa za Rab u promatranome razdoblju vrlo bogata i dobro sačuvana. Zbog velikoga broja korištenih izvora, primarno testamenata kao serijskoga tipa izvora, bilo je potrebno primijeniti, među ostalim, kvantitativnu analizu, koju u svojim studijama već više desetaka godina uspješno koriste europski, a u posljednjih dvadesetak godina i hrvatski povjesničari proučavajući srednjovjekovne i ranonovovjekovne posljednje volje u Istri, Dalmaciji i diljem Europe. Naravno, kvantitativna metoda primjenjena u radu bila je temelj za kvalitativnu odnosno sadržajnu analizu problema koji se u njemu razmatraju. Težište ovoga istraživanja je na analizi pojedinih segmenata društvene i religiozne povijesti rapske komune. Pažnja je naročito posvećena proučavanju društvenoga položaja rapskih oporučitelja te distribucije pobožnih legata od strane samih oporučitelja u cilju spasa duše. Također je istražena korelacija između oporučitelja i izbora primatelja legata, zatim veza između društvenoga položaja i spola oporučitelja te vrsta darovanih legata i na kraju povezanost između vrsta legata i izbora primatelja legata. Valja istaknuti da je ovaj rad osobito važan i zbog činjenice da se razmatra vremenski isječak ispunjen unutrašnjim sukobima unutar zapadnoeuropske Crkve zbog pojave protestantizma, pa se na određeni način u njemu ocrtavaju odrazi šesnaestostoljetnih vjerskih sukoba diljem Europe na jednu perifernu komunu kakva je bila rapska. Na temelju kvantitativne analize rapskih oporuka uočava se nekoliko glavnih skupina primatelja legata ad pias causas ili pro anima. To su crkvene institucije (crkve, samostani, kaptol), zatim laičke vjerske zajednice (bratovštine, hospitali), pojedinci (pojedini pripadnici klera i redovničkih zajednica, članovi oporučiteljeve obitelji, izvanbračna djeca, sluge) te pojedinci i skupine na rubu društva (siromašni, siromašne djevojke, siročad i udovice). Legati darovani za spas duše oporučitelja promatrani su prema određenim vrstama dobara: novac, zemlja, hrana, životinje, kuće, tkanine i odjevni predmeti, svakodnevni uporabni predmeti, liturgijski predmeti, knjige, slike, nakit i ostalo. Također, istraživanje obuhvaća pojedine aspekte svakodnevnog religioznog života: pogrebne obrede, mise i molitve, post i hodočašća, usmjerene na spas duše. Na kraju, razmatra se utjecaj kultova svetaca zaštitnika na pobožnost rapskoga stanovništva kao i njihov utjecaj u kreiranju lokalnoga liturgijskog kalendara. Proučavani aspekti pobožnosti žitelja rapske komune promatrani su kroz prizmu odredbi Tridentskoga sabora (1545.-1563.) koji donosi određene novosti u izričajima religioznosti u cilju provođenja reformi in capite et in membris Katoličke Crkve. Pojedini aspekti pobožnosti ranonovovjekovnih Rabljana promatrani su u širem kontekstu, u usporedbi s nekim drugim istočnojadranskim, mediteranskim i europskim komunama, gradovima i regijamaLate medieval and early modern Dalmatian last wills are a rich source of data for research of pious life, material culture as well as everyday life of the inhabitants of medieval and early modern Dalmatian communes. Based on the examination of published and unpublished sources, in the first place of notary records, and relevant literature, this work presents an analysis of 457 last wills recorded for testators from the commune of Rab in the second half of the sixteenth century. The main reason for choosing last wills as primary source for research of some aspects of the religious life in the early modern Rab is the existence of a great number of preserved last wills for the period of the sixteenth century. Although last wills are valuable source for analysis of various aspects of the early modern history, the focus of this work is on the examination of data concerning religious and, to some extent, social history. In particular, the author examines the data related to social positions of testators as well as the data related to pious legacies bequeathed by testators. Further, the author attempted to examine the correlations between testators and types of legacies donated by them, the correlations between testators and recipients, and finally the relationships between the types of legacies and the choice of recipients. Concerning methodology, the author applied quantitative methodology because of the fact that last wills belong to so called serial types of sources. According to the statute law of Rab, all communal inhabitans from all social strata and both males and females had the right to compose their last wills. The only two preconditions were that person wishing to record a will is of mature age (the legal age (etta legitima) of males was fourteen and of females twelve years) and mentally health. In the first part of this work, the testators were analysed according to their gender, matrimonial status, social background, place of origin and profesional occupation. In the central part of the work the distribution of the testators's property for pious purposes was examined. According to the analysis there were several main groups of recipients of legacies ad pias causas and pro anima: ecclesiastical institutions (churches, convents, and monasteries), civic institutions (confraternities), ecclesiastical and laic individuals (members of clergy, members of testator's family, servants) and individuals and groups on the edge of Rab's society (poor, poor girls, illegitimate children, widows and orphans). The legacies donated for the salvation of the soul have been discussed according to the types of bequeathed goods: money, land, houses, textile and garments, household items, animals, food and alimentary produces, liturgical objects, books, paintings, jewellery and so on. In the third part of the work the author deals with some other aspects of the everyday religious life such as funerals, masses and preyers, fasting and pilgrimages for the salvation of souls of testators. Finally, the author examines the influence of the cults of saintly protectors on the piety of inhabitants of the commune of Rab and their influence on the creation of the liturgical year in Rab. It is also worth to underline that all above mentioned aspects of pious life of Rab's denizens were observed in the wider context that is through the comparison with some other East Adriatic, Mediterranean, and European communes, cities, and regions