A Descriptive Study of the Tsuken Dialect Case Particles [ni], [Nka], and [ʃi] which are Equivalent to the Japanese Case Particle [ni] : The Function of Marking Entities, Results, and Purpose which are Concerned with Formation, Operation, and Action

This paper surveys the Tsuken island dialect of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. This paper researches the case particles [ni], [Nka], and [ʃi] which are equivalent to the Japanese case particle [ni]. The following five points are elucidated: 1) The three case particles [ni], [Nka], and [ʃi] are distinguished in usage. 2) When used with a verb with the character of "movement", all three particles are used. [ni] is used when the entity is a person. [Nka] is used when the entity is non-human. [ʃi] is used when emphasising directionality. [Nka] and [ʃi] both have ties to the locative case. 3) Tsuken dialect [ni], [Nka], and [ʃi] stand in the same relationship with [tu] as Standard Japanese [ni] does with [to]. 4) In the function of marking an entity, [ni], [Nka], and [ʃi] have the function of marking the aim of or partner in an action, and form a one-sided relationship with the target. On the other hand, [tu] has the function of marking the partner in joint work and those who operate together. 5) In the function of expressing result, a null-particle, [Nka], and [ʃi] have the function of marking the result of a unidirectional change or an essential change. On the other hand, [tu] has the function of marking the result of bidirectional or mechanical change