Modern urban development: socioecological concepts and their reception in an analysis of Vilnius city’s structure during 1870–1914

Straipsnyje, pasitelkus Čikagos sociologijos mokyklos moderniųjų miestų struktūros ir plėtros analizės idėjas, tiriama 1870–1914 m. Vilniaus miesto socioekologinė struktūra. Straipsnis pradedamas modernaus miesto struktūros sampratų Čikagos sociologijos mokyklos atstovų tyrimuose aptarimu. Toliau pristatomas modernaus miesto plėtrą analizuojantis E. Burgesso koncentrinis miesto modelis, kuris straipsnio antrojoje dalyje pritaikomas analizuojant 1870–1914 m. Vilniaus socioekologinę struktūrą. Tyrimo naujumą sudaro pasitelkta miesto ekologijos prieiga. Archyvuose ir istoriografijoje aptinkami duomenys apie modernėjančiam Vilniui būdingą populiacijos gausėjimą, didėjančią specializaciją, aštrėjančią konkurenciją dėl įtakos ir ribotos erdvės bei rezidencinius skirtumus, žvelgiant iš E. Burgesso koncentrinio miesto modelio perspektyvos, yra analizuojami kaip tarpusavyje susiję miesto ekosistemos dėmenys.The aim of this article is to study the socioecological structure of Vilnius during 1870–1914 with the help of ideas derived from the analysis of modern urban development of the Chicago School of Sociology. The rapid industrialization period (mid-19th to early 20th centuries), characterized by an intensive development of modern cities in the Western world (especially in the US) and analyzed by American sociologists (R. Park, E. Burgess, R. D. McKenzie, L. Wirth), is relevant to Lithuanian historians. The cities of Lithuania that belonged to the Russian Empire during the period under investigation also experienced modernization, industrialization and urbanization processes related to it. In Vilnius, as much in the other metropolises of the Russian Empire, these processes were most intense. This article begins with the concepts of modern urban structure in the research of the representatives of the Chicago School of Sociology. We later, in the second part of the paper, present E. Burgess’s Ring-Theory of City Development, which analyzes modern urban development and is here applied to the analysis of the socioecological structure of Vilnius. The novelty of the research can be seen in the selected city ecology approach. The data in the archives and the historiography about the growing population of Vilnius, the increasing degree of specialization among the residents, the growing competition for influence and limited space, as well as residential differences, are analyzed as interrelated elements of the urban ecosystem from the perspective of E. Burgess’s theory. The study showed that between 1870 and 1914, the city’s socioecological structure clearly identifies the first (the central business district) and the second (zone of transition, area of the unqualified working class) in terms of concentrated urban zones. However, it is difficult to draw a clear line between the third (area for the working class), fourth (residential zone) and fifth (commuter zone) zones