Evolution of problems in the Lithuanian labour law from 1990

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Lietuvos darbo teisės problemų raida nuo tarybinių laikų iki šių dienų. Apžvelgiama, su kokiomis problemomis darbo teisė susiduria nuo 1990-ųjų metų. Pažymima, jog tarybinis griežtas ir nelankstus darbo santykių reguliavimas iš esmės nedaug pasikeitė. Pasikeitus ekonominei santvarkai ir darbo rinkos poreikiams, darbo įstatymai keičiasi lėtai. Viena didžiausių problemų – darbuotojų pasyvumas ir realaus kolektyvinio atstovavimo stoka. Ilgametė praktika parodė, jog Lietuvos Respublikos trišalė taryba nebepajėgi efektyviai spręsti naujai kylančių ir nuolat besikeičiančių socialinių problemų. Vyriausybė taip pat nepajėgia laiku šalinti pasenusių, neveikiančių ar viena kitai prieštaraujančių darbo įstatymų nuostatų. Pasenus įstatymams, problemas, kylančias darbo teisėje, yra priversti spręsti teismai. Darbo įstatymus būtina tobulinti atsižvelgiant į Europos institucijų rekomendacijas, mokslininkų įžvalgas ir teismų praktiką.Article describes the evolution of problems in the Lithuanian labour law and labour law science since the re-establishment of independence in 1990. Three periods of evolution are presented: the Soviet period (lasted until 1990), the transitional period (1990- 2004) and the period of the Labour Code (2003 and onwards). During the Soviet period, the Code of Labour Laws regulated employment relationship in strict detail as the main employer was the state itself. Good reflections of that period can be pointed out: active (but forced) collective bargaining, single tariff system that implemented equal treatment in the field of remuneration for work and fluent performance of enforcement of labour laws (legal clarity). During the transitional period, new labour laws were introduced and tuned-up with international labour standards (ILO), but in general there were no essential changes in practice. During all that period, the Lithuanian Labour Code was drafted and came in force in 2003. The period of the new Labour Code started together with the European integration and had to bring new trends of the European labour market into Lithuanian practice. The government and academics brought few initiatives for the liberalisation of labour laws but most of them were stuck in the stage of consulting with social partners (Tripartite Council). Nevertheless, 22 years after the collapse of command economy labour laws incompatible with free labour market still dominate. It is obvious that the Lithuanian Labour Code is outdated and needs general reconstruction. Scientific researches and the EU Council recommendations call for the introduction of flexibility, implementation of flexicurity aiming for full integration into the single European labour market. Some strict labour code rules are prevented from functioning in practice. The courts are forced to derogate from disproportionate and improper articles of the Labour Code. The author brings some of the existing problems of labour law into light and proposes their possible solutions. The existing crisis of labour law could be solved by drafting a new Labour Code with the help of academic researchers and by introducing it directly to the Parliament for adoption