Lithuanian language and its users in St. Petersburg's spiritual academy of Roman catholics at the end of the 19th century

Straipsnyje siekiama pateikti išsamų lietuvių kalbos viešo vartojimo Sankt Peterburgo Romos katalikų dvasinės akademijos kultūriniame ir socialiniame kontekste vaizdą XIX a. pab. įvertinant, kaip jos vartojimą lėmė modernaus etnolingvistinio nacionalizmo raiška, aukštosios teologinės mokyklos realybė. Tiriamos pirmųjų viešai prabilusių lietuviškai alumnų paskatos, jų sociokultūrinė aplinka. Lietuvoje XIX a. paskutiniaisiais dešimtmečiais dvasininkui aktualus tapo apsisprendimas modernaus nacionalizmo atžvilgiu, tačiau dvasinėje akademijoje Sankt Peterburge modernaus nacionalizmo raiška vėlavo. Socialinė akademijos studentų struktūra leidžia daryti prielaidą apie vėluojančias, ne tokias aštrias moderniųjų nacionalizmų įtampos apraiškas akademijoje, o studentų elgsenos analizė - apie bandymus suderinti ir radikaliai nesupriešinti modernaus tautiškumo aspiracijų bei lenkiškosios kultūrinės tradicijos. Akademijoje buvo vartojamos lotynų, lenkų, rusų, prancūzų, vokiečių, ukrainiečių, lietuvių kalbos, tačiau jų vartojimo kontekstas nebuvo vienodas. Lietuvių kalba nebuvo dėstoma nei vartojama dvasinėse praktikose. Jos viešo vartojimo - pranešimų parengimo ir skaitymo per akademijos šventes - neskatino akademijos aplinka. Tokio pobūdžio viešas lietuvių kalbos vartojimas labiau priklausė nuo asmeninio apsisprendimo ir poreikio, kurį galėjo lemti ir akademijos studento pozityvi nuostata modernaus lietuvių etnolingvistinio nacionalizmo atžvilgiu. Kita vertus, tai nebuvo aiškaus konflikto tarp lenkų ir lietuvių kalbų išraiška. Įtampą mažino aukštosios teologinės mokyklos specifika.The issue of the public use of the Lithuanian language at St Petersburg's Spiritual Academy of Roman Catholics, which operated in 1842-1918, is discussed in a broader context of using Lithuanian in the Catholic Church, its institutions, among clergymen, and in the most general sense, also in the Lithuanian society at the end of the 19t h century which was notably under the influence of modern nationalism. The investigation aims at more precisely identifying historical insights, giving a more thorough overview of the Lithuanian language used in public spheres in the cultural and social context of the Academy, evaluating the impact of the expression of modern ethnolinguistic nationalism on the use of Lithuanian and how its public use was moulded by specific conditions of the theological higher educational institution. The paper investigates factors and conditions determining the functioning of the Lithuanian language in the Academy, speculates about the causes of its use or non-use, who its protagonists and antagonists were and why. The paper concludes that during the last decades of the 19th century in Lithuania it was important for a clergyman to clearly express his approach to modern nationalism; however, in St Petersburg's Spiritual Academy of Roman Catholics the expression of modern nationalism was slightly delayed. The social composition of the Academy students suggests that modern nationalisms might have been less clearly expressed in the Academy at the end of the 19th century and their tension was slightly milder. The analysis of the students' disposition shows their attempts to combine aspirations of modern nationalism and traditions of Polish culture without their radical juxtaposition. In the Academy such languages as Latin, Polish, Russian, French, German, Ukrainian and Lithuanian were used; however, their importance and context of usage were not the same. Lithuanian was neither used as a language of instruction nor in services. It only functioned as an expression of a specific ethnic character of dioceses. The public use of Lithuanian in giving and delivering presentations on festive occasions of the Academy was not promoted by the Academy. Neither was the use of Lithuanian constrained in any specific way. Such public use of Lithuanian mostly depended on one's individual choice and needs which might have been determined by the student's positive disposition towards modern Lithuanian ethno-linguistic nationalism. On the other hand, it could not be treated as an expression of an explicit conflict between Polish and Lithuanian. t h e tension was only reduced by the specific character of the theological higher educational institution