Add to ORKGIntergovernmental fiscal relations in Japan have been strained in recent years. This paper seeks to assess the Japanese equalization transfer in the light of the theory of fiscal federalism. This paper argues that the case for equalization lies in offsetting net fiscal benefit (NFB) differentials across jurisdictions. It has been shown that the case for equalization and its design depend on the type of public good being provided as well as the mode of finance. Moreover, where equalization is called for, its form and level can be very different depending on whether the relevant policy goal is that of fiscal equity or fiscal efficiency. Studying the institutional context, we arrive at the conclusion that the system of equalization transfers i...