Public Finance of Elementary Education in France and \u27Caisse des ecoles\u27 (School Chest) in 1800\u27s

The system of compulsory education in France was established in 1880\u27s, which was quite different from the preceding system of modern liberal elememtary education. Under the compulsory education, public finace of elementary education became to be controlled directly by \u27Etat\u27 (state), though each \u27commune\u27 (municipality) governed it before. In terms of public finace of education, it was fundamental change in relationship between \u27Etat\u27 and \u27commune\u27. In this process, the nature of \u27centimes\u27, as could be called a kind of \u27school tax\u27, which each \u27commune\u27 had right to tax at first, had changed. \u27Commune\u27 had lost right not only to tax \u27centimes\u27 but also to participate in \u27commune\u27 teacher\u27s nomination. Instead, \u27Etat\u27 had right to control all of them. In these viewpoints, I\u27ll investgate \u27caisse des ecoles\u27 (school chest) which each \u27commune\u27 established voluntarily at first to encourage school attendance and to help poor children. Under compulsory education, this \u27caisse\u27 became obligatory to all \u27commune\u27, and thereafter the volountary and independent nature of this organization had lost