On the Divisions of Sciences and Disciplines and the Accompanying Changes of the Concept of Cultivation

In tandem with steady progress made in the research of natural sciences after the 19th century, several attempts to show the characteristic existence of the humanities as their counterparts were repeatedly made. Among them are two typical attempts in Germany, one of which is a dichotomy of the research field into Natur-und Geisteswissenschaften, which was followed by another one into natural sciences and cultural sciences. A study into the social and institutional background in which they appeared sequentially, and also the methodology and epistemology to which these two attempts resorted to secure the studies of the humanities reveals the process of the change of the concept of cultivation including an ideal of humanity, understanding of personality development, and etc.--- It also makes clear how 'Humboldtian Ideal' lost its substantial value. In this article I will try to bring light some of the reasons for the decline of the ideal of cultivation with a help of D. Riesman's analysis. It is also a purpose of this article to review research work and education in 'the modern world-system' through an inquiry into the process in which sciences in Germany in the 19th century were reorganized into 20th century American sciences