Nat Rev Endocrinol

The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.R01 DK109950/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United StatesUL1 TR001086/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United StatesU48 DP005018/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/United StatesU48DP005018/ACL HHS/United StatesI01 CX000906/CX/CSRD VA/United StatesR01 AG031176/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United StatesK23 AG051681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States2019-03-01T00:00:00Z30065268PMC6241236752