Evaluation of future trial embankments : A study of measurement methods to apply on Lampen test embankments, Kalix, Sweden

At the Lampen site outside of Kalix, Sweden two embankments with heights 1,5m and 2m have been built to study and test the properties of sulfide soil that is located in the Gulf of Bothnia coastal areas. In this master thesis investigations have been done on what more could be done at the Lampen site today concerning new technics, measurements, observations and calculations etc. rather than building new embankments. Conclusions have been drawn from a total of 7 cases including Lampen what more could be done at the Lampen site. Verifications have also been done on the work made at the different cases. It was concluded that the work on all the different cases could be verified in some way against hand calculations or PLAXIS models beside the Murro test embankment site because this work had too little release data aterial given. Made verifications gave corresponding results to the described and measured ones in the real cases. Cases that have been looked at are: Murro test embankment (Karstunen et.al, 2005) Test embankment constructed to failure on soft marine clay in Malaysia (Brand, 1991) Test embankment on hydraulically placed PFA (Pulverized Fuel Ashes) in the United Kingdom (Cousens, et al., 2003) Trial Embankment on peat in Booneschans the Netherlands (Zwanenburg, et al., 2012) A case study on sulphide soil on road of E12 north link, Västerslätt, Umeå, Sweden (Törnqvist, 2013) Follow up and evaluation of settlements on the road 760 in Norrbotten, Sweden (Johansson, 2010) Test Embankments Lampen, Sweden (Andersson, 2012) From these cases it was concluded that more calculations in Plaxis 2D, Plaxis 3D and maybe Geosuite settlements software programs should be done at the Lampen site, both for long term and short term behavior and settlements as the only current model made is an Embacko V1.02 which is based on the work and results by Andersson (2012). Also verifications should be made by hand calculations on the models as this had not been done until today. Further disturbed samples should have been taken at the Lampen site as it have been done at the Murro site in Finland as this site is built on similar ground conditions with sulfide soil. Heavy equipment used at the site and as well the building of the embankments might have disturb or influenced the soil so the properties might have been changed. Also a couple of new measurement technics have been looked at for Lampen. The looked at technics are optics fibers, drones and ShapeAccelArray (SAA). ShapeAccelArray (SAA) devices could be installed at some different points on the site, down through the soil profile to give better readings on vibrations, accelerations, deformations and settlements. A drone could also be used during the snow free period to fly daily-predefined paths and make a 3D mapping of the geotechnical structures. And if the embankments would be built now again from the start it would be a good idea to install from the start a smart geotextile with polymer optical fibers (POF) totally covering the whole embankment size. This would give continues reading on deformations and displacements. But since the measurements and all other work at the Lampen site in the project went well and gave good results there is no need to do further changes