Blockchain as a service for bioeconomy agri-sector. An exploratory study of blockchain in the European bioeconomy

Current economic growth is compromising sustainable development. Among different strategies to overcome distinct societal challenges, bioeconomy emerges as a strong narrative for Europe. However, perfect solutions are impossible to achieve, and sustainability concerns demand for a smart, transparent and integrated bioeconomy to be implemented. Simultaneously, blockchain advocates the disruption of systems through a level of transparency and trust never demonstrated before. Among many fields where blockchain research is being performed, supply chain management is one the most intriguing and innovative. Therefore, this research proposes an exploratory study on the integration of blockchain technology in agri-based biomass supply chains, in scope of the European strategy for bioeconomy. A thorough framing of bioeconomy strategy and sectors provides a perspective on biomass value chains, considering supply chain stakeholders, end-consumers and auditing and monitoring entities. Blockchain technology is characterized, with special detail in supply chain application, as well as limitations and challenges that is currently facing. With the additional support of empirical findings, diffusion of innovation theory is used to analyze the level of innovation and adoption blockchain is having within the bioeconomy sectors. Results show that blockchain presence in the food industry is undeniable. The demand for more efficient and effective traceability systems, in addition to consumers demand for transparency, makes blockchain an innovation in this sector. Consequently, applications in agriculture are also present. Solutions are characterized by multi-stakeholder networks where supply chain information is available to designated entities. Information can take the form of quantifiable data, but it can also be a digital representation of pre-established certification schemes. Both operational and strategic information flow via the blockchain. Different business models were identified, and they tend to satisfy the needs of the interested parties. Bio-based industries could benefit from blockchain, demonstrating a clear need for platforms that assure traceability and transparency. However, the infant nature of this industry requires stakeholders to prioritize biotechnology research and products uptake. Overall, the integration of blockchain technology in current information systems could contribute to improve the performance of biomass supply chains, while satisfying consumer demands and contributing to the availability of data for sustainability assessments. In collaboration with certification and auditing entities, and support of other ICT, blockchain platforms have the potential to increase circularity and cascading of biomass and serve as a data entry point for the Bioeconomy Observatory. Thus, improving the environmental and sustainability assessments and ultimately provide more accurate insights for policy making