Imaging of Myocardial Fibrosis and Its Functional Correlates in Aortic Stenosis: A Review and Clinical Potential

Patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) show progressive fibrotic changes in the myocardium, which may impair cardiac function and patient outcomes even after successful aortic valve replacement. Detection of patients who need an early operation remains a diagnostic challenge as myocardial functional changes may be subtle. In recent years, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and cardiac magnetic resonance mapping have been shown to provide complementary information for the assessment of left ventricular mechanics and identification of subtle damage by focal or diffuse myocardial fibrosis, respectively. Little is known, however, about how focal and diffuse myocardial fibrosis occurring in severe AS are related to measurable functional changes by echocardiography and to which extent both parameters have prognostic and diagnostic value. The aims of this review are to discuss the occurrence of focal and diffuse myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe AS and to explore their relation with myocardial function, determined by STE, as well as the prognostic and diagnostic potential of both parameters