Modelling tunnel behaviour under seismic actions: An integrated approach

This paper intends to describe the integration of physical and numerical modelling, focusing on tunnels under seismic actions. It shows how numerical calculations can be used in association with centrifuge testing to model different aspects of tunnel behaviour during earthquakes. The scope of the paper has been limited to a few aspects, mainly concerning the change of internal forces in the tunnel lining during shaking and the effect of soil liquefaction. The interaction between a tunnel and a building in a soil layer undergoing liquefaction has also been taken into account