<Articles>The Social Background of Chief Judges of Egypt during the Late Mamluk Period (14th-16th centuries)

個人情報保護のため削除部分あり一四世紀半ばから末にかけての時期に、エジプトの社会や経済は大きく変化したとされている。それ以後の時期、エジプトの大力ーディーにはいかなる人々が任命されたのであろうか。彼らの就任条件を検討してみると、(A)学識や能力が認められること、(B)前任者のナーイブであること、(C)賄賂を用いること、(D)有力者とのコネないしは有力者からの推薦があること、(E)大力ーディー経験者の親族を持つこと、がその主要なものであったことがわかる。その中でも特に重要な要因の一つであった(E)親族関係の具体的なあり方は、この時期に大カーディーを輩出したブルキー二ー家とシフナ家の事例から明らかとなる。両家に共通して指摘できることは、出身地域を活動拠点に法や宗教・教育に関わる職を家系の専門職とし、それらを多く親族間で持続的に確保していたことである。このような有力家系の存在は、ウラマーの社会的流動性が限られていたことを示竣するものである。In 663/ 1265 the judicial system of Egypt was reformed under the Mamluk rule : the four chief judgeships were established. Whereas previously there had only been a Shafi'i chief judge, there were now chief judges for the Hanafis, Malikis, and Hanbalis as well. This reformed system remained intact until the early 16 th century when the Ottoman administration in Egypt imposed judicial changes. Although many aspects of these chief judges have been analyzed, the means by which chief judges were appointed has been ignored. Namely, the careers of chief judges during the late Mamluk period, from the end of the 14 th century to the early 16 th century, have not been fully examined yet. The investigation of their careers makes it clear that the major reasons for an appointment to the chief judgeship of that era were (A) scholarly reputation, (B) succession of a deputy judge (na'ib), (C) bribery, (D) patronage, (E) family connection, or some combination of them. Of them family connection was the most important factor. Two influential Families that produced a number of chief judges, the Banu al-Bulqlni and the Banu al-Shihna, provide good examples. Both families held many judicial, religious and educational professions in, their birthplaces through several generations. The presence of these families reveals that the social mobility of the 'ulama' was limited, contrary to the generally accepted view