<Articles>A Study of the Gai-piao System in the Ming Dynasty

個人情報保護のため削除部分あり本稿は、票擬のやり直し、改票の研究である。従来改票については、その事実だけが指摘され、具体的過程は明らかではなかったが、筆者は、京都大学文学部蔵『明邸鈔残本』を主要な史料として、その解朔を試みる。本書は、内藤湖南等が一九一〇年、清国に派遣された際持ち帰ったもので、邸鈔とあるが、実際は、崇禎期の内閣大学士銭士升の批案・票擬の草稿集である。本書を分析した結果、一日の票擬件数、大学士間の票擬分担、改票の傾向、改票の根拠などが明らかになり、結論として、改票の政治的不安定さが示される。This article deals with the gai-piao 改票 system, the Grand Secretaries' remaking of recommendations into reports to the Emperor. This gai-piao system has been mentioned briefly before, but has not been studied carefully. I intend to clarify the gai-piao system by referring to new material -- the Ming Di-chao Can-ben 明邸鈔残本 or Remaining Scripts of the Gazette in the Ming Era. It was brought from China by NAITO Konan 内藤湖南 in 1910, and now is owned by the Faculty of Literature, Kyoto University. Though Naito regarded it as a Gazette, it is apparent that, in fact, it is a collection of pi-an 批案, drafts of the recommendations of QIAN Shi-sheng 銭士升, who was Grand Secretary from 1633 to 1636.This material tells us the manner in which Grand Secretaries distributed reports, and made and then remade recommendations, and how many were drawn up in a day. It leads us to the conclusion that the system of remaking recommendations was easily influenced by the political relations between the Emperor and the Grand Secretary