Science Classroom Learning Environments in Afghanistan: Assessment, Effects and Determinants

In Afghanistan, no previous study in any subject area or at any educational level has involved assessing and investigating classroom environments. This study with 1619 science students supported the validity of a Dari-language version of a widely-applicable learning environment questionnaire. Positive and statistically-significant associations were found between the learning environment and student attitudes. Males and urban students perceived their classroom environments more favourably than, respectively, females and rural students